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Characterisation of steroids in wooden crates of veal calves by accelerated solvent extraction (ASE (R)) and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (U-HPLC-QqQ-MS-MS)

Karolien Verheyden (UGent) , Herlinde Noppe (UGent) , Julie Vanden Bussche (UGent) , Klaas Wille (UGent) , Karen Bekaert (UGent) , Lieven De Boever (UGent) , Joris Van Acker (UGent) , Colin Janssen (UGent) , Hubert De Brabander (UGent) and Lynn Vanhaecke (UGent)
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Abstract
Illegal steroid administration to enhance growth performance in veal calves has long been, and still is, a serious issue facing regulatory agencies. Over the last years, stating undisputable markers of illegal treatment has become complex because of the endogenous origin of several anabolic steroids. Knowledge on the origin of an analyte is therefore of paramount importance. The present study shows the presence of steroid analytes in wooden crates used for housing veal calves. For this purpose, an analytical procedure using accelerated solvent extraction (ASE (R)), solid-phase extraction (SPE) and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (U-HPLC-MS-MS) is developed for the characterisation of androstadienedione (ADD), boldenone (bBol), androstenedione (AED), beta-testosterone (bT), alpha-testosterone (aT), progesterone (P) and 17 alpha-hydroxy-progesterone (OH-P) in wood samples. In samples of wooden crates used for housing veal calves, ADD, AED, aT and P could be identified. Using the standard addition approach concentrations of these analytes were determined ranging from 20 +/- 4 ppb to 32 +/- 4 ppb for ADD, from 19 +/- 5 ppb to 44 +/- 17 ppb for AED, from 11 +/- 6 ppb to 30 +/- 2 ppb for aT and from 14 +/- 1 ppb to 42 +/- 27 ppb for P, depending on the sample type. As exposure of veal calves to steroid hormones in their housing facilities might complicate decision-making on illegal hormone administration, inequitable slaughter of animals remains possible. Therefore, complete prohibition of wooden calf accommodation should be considered.
Keywords
HORMONES, BOLDENONE, FECES, BEEF-CATTLE, BOVINE URINE, Wood, Liquid chromatography, Solid-phase extraction (SPE), Mass spectrometry, Steroid analytes, MEAT-PRODUCING ANIMALS, HOUSING CONDITIONS, PAPER-MILL EFFLUENT, Pressurised liquid extraction, ANABOLIC-STEROIDS, KIDNEY FAT

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MLA
Verheyden, Karolien, et al. “Characterisation of Steroids in Wooden Crates of Veal Calves by Accelerated Solvent Extraction (ASE (R)) and Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry (U-HPLC-QqQ-MS-MS).” ANALYTICAL AND BIOANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, vol. 397, no. 1, 2010, pp. 345–55, doi:10.1007/s00216-010-3462-9.
APA
Verheyden, K., Noppe, H., Vanden Bussche, J., Wille, K., Bekaert, K., De Boever, L., … Vanhaecke, L. (2010). Characterisation of steroids in wooden crates of veal calves by accelerated solvent extraction (ASE (R)) and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (U-HPLC-QqQ-MS-MS). ANALYTICAL AND BIOANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, 397(1), 345–355. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-010-3462-9
Chicago author-date
Verheyden, Karolien, Herlinde Noppe, Julie Vanden Bussche, Klaas Wille, Karen Bekaert, Lieven De Boever, Joris Van Acker, Colin Janssen, Hubert De Brabander, and Lynn Vanhaecke. 2010. “Characterisation of Steroids in Wooden Crates of Veal Calves by Accelerated Solvent Extraction (ASE (R)) and Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry (U-HPLC-QqQ-MS-MS).” ANALYTICAL AND BIOANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 397 (1): 345–55. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-010-3462-9.
Chicago author-date (all authors)
Verheyden, Karolien, Herlinde Noppe, Julie Vanden Bussche, Klaas Wille, Karen Bekaert, Lieven De Boever, Joris Van Acker, Colin Janssen, Hubert De Brabander, and Lynn Vanhaecke. 2010. “Characterisation of Steroids in Wooden Crates of Veal Calves by Accelerated Solvent Extraction (ASE (R)) and Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry (U-HPLC-QqQ-MS-MS).” ANALYTICAL AND BIOANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 397 (1): 345–355. doi:10.1007/s00216-010-3462-9.
Vancouver
1.
Verheyden K, Noppe H, Vanden Bussche J, Wille K, Bekaert K, De Boever L, et al. Characterisation of steroids in wooden crates of veal calves by accelerated solvent extraction (ASE (R)) and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (U-HPLC-QqQ-MS-MS). ANALYTICAL AND BIOANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY. 2010;397(1):345–55.
IEEE
[1]
K. Verheyden et al., “Characterisation of steroids in wooden crates of veal calves by accelerated solvent extraction (ASE (R)) and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (U-HPLC-QqQ-MS-MS),” ANALYTICAL AND BIOANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, vol. 397, no. 1, pp. 345–355, 2010.
@article{941112,
  abstract     = {{Illegal steroid administration to enhance growth performance in veal calves has long been, and still is, a serious issue facing regulatory agencies. Over the last years, stating undisputable markers of illegal treatment has become complex because of the endogenous origin of several anabolic steroids. Knowledge on the origin of an analyte is therefore of paramount importance. The present study shows the presence of steroid analytes in wooden crates used for housing veal calves. For this purpose, an analytical procedure using accelerated solvent extraction (ASE (R)), solid-phase extraction (SPE) and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (U-HPLC-MS-MS) is developed for the characterisation of androstadienedione (ADD), boldenone (bBol), androstenedione (AED), beta-testosterone (bT), alpha-testosterone (aT), progesterone (P) and 17 alpha-hydroxy-progesterone (OH-P) in wood samples. In samples of wooden crates used for housing veal calves, ADD, AED, aT and P could be identified. Using the standard addition approach concentrations of these analytes were determined ranging from 20 +/- 4 ppb to 32 +/- 4 ppb for ADD, from 19 +/- 5 ppb to 44 +/- 17 ppb for AED, from 11 +/- 6 ppb to 30 +/- 2 ppb for aT and from 14 +/- 1 ppb to 42 +/- 27 ppb for P, depending on the sample type. As exposure of veal calves to steroid hormones in their housing facilities might complicate decision-making on illegal hormone administration, inequitable slaughter of animals remains possible. Therefore, complete prohibition of wooden calf accommodation should be considered.}},
  author       = {{Verheyden, Karolien and Noppe, Herlinde and Vanden Bussche, Julie and Wille, Klaas and Bekaert, Karen and De Boever, Lieven and Van Acker, Joris and Janssen, Colin and De Brabander, Hubert and Vanhaecke, Lynn}},
  issn         = {{1618-2642}},
  journal      = {{ANALYTICAL AND BIOANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY}},
  keywords     = {{HORMONES,BOLDENONE,FECES,BEEF-CATTLE,BOVINE URINE,Wood,Liquid chromatography,Solid-phase extraction (SPE),Mass spectrometry,Steroid analytes,MEAT-PRODUCING ANIMALS,HOUSING CONDITIONS,PAPER-MILL EFFLUENT,Pressurised liquid extraction,ANABOLIC-STEROIDS,KIDNEY FAT}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  number       = {{1}},
  pages        = {{345--355}},
  title        = {{Characterisation of steroids in wooden crates of veal calves by accelerated solvent extraction (ASE (R)) and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (U-HPLC-QqQ-MS-MS)}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-010-3462-9}},
  volume       = {{397}},
  year         = {{2010}},
}

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