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The effect of carbon fiber content on physico-mechanical properties of recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) composites additively manufactured with fused filament fabrication

Amalia Katalagarianakis, Babs Van de Voorde, Nele Pien (UGent) , Efstratios Polyzos, Ivica Duretek, Clemens Holzer, Ludwig Cardon (UGent) , Katrien V. Bernaerts, Danny Van Hemelrijck, Sandra Van Vlierberghe (UGent) , et al.
(2022) ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING. 60(Part A).
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Abstract
The combination of recycled fiber reinforcement with recycled polymer as a feedstock material for extrusion-based additive manufacturing creates an opportunity for a more sustainable material use. In this study, recycled short carbon fibers were combined with recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) to obtain carbon fiber-reinforced PET filaments via melt extrusion. The carbon fiber content of the extruded filaments ranged from 0.4 to 40.7 wt%. The molar mass and the degree of crystallinity after processing were determined to evaluate the influence of the extrusion process on the physico-chemical and mechanical properties of the reinforced PET filaments. Furthermore, pressure-volume-temperature measurements were carried out to investigate the influence of the carbon fibers on the shrinkage of the semi-crystalline PET. Samples were printed and their superior mechanical properties, including a 390% increase in tensile modulus, were confirmed via tensile testing. Analysis via X-ray micro-computed tomography indicated that the fiber length reduced with increasing fiber content. The high degree of fiber alignment that was observed in the extruded filaments, was slightly reduced after deposition. Scanning electron microscopy data showed that fiber pull-out was the governing failure mechanism, indicating a weak interface between the carbon fibers and the matrix. The results show the potential of extrusion-based additive manufacturing to valorize recycled PET and recycled carbon fibers.
Keywords
Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, Engineering (miscellaneous), General Materials Science, Biomedical Engineering, Recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate), Recycled carbon fibers, Melt extrusion, Fused filament fabrication, Mechanical properties, Shrinkage, POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE, SEMICRYSTALLINE POLY(ETHYLENE-TEREPHTHALATE), TENSILE PROPERTIES, CRYSTALLIZATION, PET, STRENGTH, BEHAVIOR, ORIENTATION, KINETICS, PLA

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Citation

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MLA
Katalagarianakis, Amalia, et al. “The Effect of Carbon Fiber Content on Physico-Mechanical Properties of Recycled Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate) Composites Additively Manufactured with Fused Filament Fabrication.” ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, vol. 60, no. Part A, 2022, doi:10.1016/j.addma.2022.103246.
APA
Katalagarianakis, A., Van de Voorde, B., Pien, N., Polyzos, E., Duretek, I., Holzer, C., … Pyl, L. (2022). The effect of carbon fiber content on physico-mechanical properties of recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) composites additively manufactured with fused filament fabrication. ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, 60(Part A). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2022.103246
Chicago author-date
Katalagarianakis, Amalia, Babs Van de Voorde, Nele Pien, Efstratios Polyzos, Ivica Duretek, Clemens Holzer, Ludwig Cardon, et al. 2022. “The Effect of Carbon Fiber Content on Physico-Mechanical Properties of Recycled Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate) Composites Additively Manufactured with Fused Filament Fabrication.” ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING 60 (Part A). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2022.103246.
Chicago author-date (all authors)
Katalagarianakis, Amalia, Babs Van de Voorde, Nele Pien, Efstratios Polyzos, Ivica Duretek, Clemens Holzer, Ludwig Cardon, Katrien V. Bernaerts, Danny Van Hemelrijck, Sandra Van Vlierberghe, and Lincy Pyl. 2022. “The Effect of Carbon Fiber Content on Physico-Mechanical Properties of Recycled Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate) Composites Additively Manufactured with Fused Filament Fabrication.” ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING 60 (Part A). doi:10.1016/j.addma.2022.103246.
Vancouver
1.
Katalagarianakis A, Van de Voorde B, Pien N, Polyzos E, Duretek I, Holzer C, et al. The effect of carbon fiber content on physico-mechanical properties of recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) composites additively manufactured with fused filament fabrication. ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING. 2022;60(Part A).
IEEE
[1]
A. Katalagarianakis et al., “The effect of carbon fiber content on physico-mechanical properties of recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) composites additively manufactured with fused filament fabrication,” ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, vol. 60, no. Part A, 2022.
@article{8771281,
  abstract     = {{The combination of recycled fiber reinforcement with recycled polymer as a feedstock material for extrusion-based additive manufacturing creates an opportunity for a more sustainable material use. In this study, recycled short carbon fibers were combined with recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) to obtain carbon fiber-reinforced PET filaments via melt extrusion. The carbon fiber content of the extruded filaments ranged from 0.4 to 40.7 wt%. The molar mass and the degree of crystallinity after processing were determined to evaluate the influence of the extrusion process on the physico-chemical and mechanical properties of the reinforced PET filaments. Furthermore, pressure-volume-temperature measurements were carried out to investigate the influence of the carbon fibers on the shrinkage of the semi-crystalline PET. Samples were printed and their superior mechanical properties, including a 390% increase in tensile modulus, were confirmed via tensile testing. Analysis via X-ray micro-computed tomography indicated that the fiber length reduced with increasing fiber content. The high degree of fiber alignment that was observed in the extruded filaments, was slightly reduced after deposition. Scanning electron microscopy data showed that fiber pull-out was the governing failure mechanism, indicating a weak interface between the carbon fibers and the matrix. The results show the potential of extrusion-based additive manufacturing to valorize recycled PET and recycled carbon fibers.}},
  articleno    = {{103246}},
  author       = {{Katalagarianakis, Amalia and Van de Voorde, Babs and Pien, Nele and Polyzos, Efstratios and Duretek, Ivica and Holzer, Clemens and Cardon, Ludwig and Bernaerts, Katrien V. and Van Hemelrijck, Danny and Van Vlierberghe, Sandra and Pyl, Lincy}},
  issn         = {{2214-8604}},
  journal      = {{ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING}},
  keywords     = {{Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,Engineering (miscellaneous),General Materials Science,Biomedical Engineering,Recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate),Recycled carbon fibers,Melt extrusion,Fused filament fabrication,Mechanical properties,Shrinkage,POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE,SEMICRYSTALLINE POLY(ETHYLENE-TEREPHTHALATE),TENSILE PROPERTIES,CRYSTALLIZATION,PET,STRENGTH,BEHAVIOR,ORIENTATION,KINETICS,PLA}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  number       = {{Part A}},
  pages        = {{14}},
  title        = {{The effect of carbon fiber content on physico-mechanical properties of recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) composites additively manufactured with fused filament fabrication}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2022.103246}},
  volume       = {{60}},
  year         = {{2022}},
}
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