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Personalised socially assistive robot for cardiac rehabilitation : critical reflections on long-term interactions in the real world

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Abstract
Lack of motivation and low adherence rates are critical concerns of long-term rehabilitation programmes, such as cardiac rehabilitation. Socially assistive robots are known to be effective in improving motivation in therapy. However, over longer durations, generic and repetitive behaviours by the robot often result in a decrease in motivation and engagement, which can be overcome by personalising the interaction, such as recognising users, addressing them with their name, and providing feedback on their progress and adherence. We carried out a real-world clinical study, lasting 2.5 years with 43 patients to evaluate the effects of using a robot and personalisation in cardiac rehabilitation. Due to dropouts and other factors, 26 patients completed the programme. The results derived from these patients suggest that robots facilitate motivation and adherence, enable prompt detection of critical conditions by clinicians, and improve the cardiovascular functioning of the patients. Personalisation is further beneficial when providing high-intensity training, eliciting and maintaining engagement (as measured through gaze and social interactions) and motivation throughout the programme. However, relying on full autonomy for personalisation in a real-world environment resulted in sensor and user recognition failures, which caused negative user perceptions and lowered the perceived utility of the robot. Nonetheless, personalisation was positively perceived, suggesting that potential drawbacks need to be weighed against various benefits of the personalised interaction.
Keywords
OLDER-ADULTS, ENHANCED THERAPY, EYE GAZE, CARE, CHILDREN, EXERCISE, MOTIVATION, TECHNOLOGY, ADAPTATION, ATTENTION, Personalisation in social robots, Socially assistive robotics, Real-world study, Cardiac rehabilitation, Long-term interaction, Human-robot interaction

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Citation

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MLA
Irfan, Bahar, et al. “Personalised Socially Assistive Robot for Cardiac Rehabilitation : Critical Reflections on Long-Term Interactions in the Real World.” USER MODELING AND USER-ADAPTED INTERACTION, vol. 33, no. 2, 2023, pp. 497–544, doi:10.1007/s11257-022-09323-0.
APA
Irfan, B., Cespedes, N., Casas, J., Senft, E., Gutierrez, L. F., Rincon-Roncancio, M., … Munera, M. (2023). Personalised socially assistive robot for cardiac rehabilitation : critical reflections on long-term interactions in the real world. USER MODELING AND USER-ADAPTED INTERACTION, 33(2), 497–544. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11257-022-09323-0
Chicago author-date
Irfan, Bahar, Nathalia Cespedes, Jonathan Casas, Emmanuel Senft, Luisa F. Gutierrez, Monica Rincon-Roncancio, Carlos A. Cifuentes, Tony Belpaeme, and Marcela Munera. 2023. “Personalised Socially Assistive Robot for Cardiac Rehabilitation : Critical Reflections on Long-Term Interactions in the Real World.” USER MODELING AND USER-ADAPTED INTERACTION 33 (2): 497–544. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11257-022-09323-0.
Chicago author-date (all authors)
Irfan, Bahar, Nathalia Cespedes, Jonathan Casas, Emmanuel Senft, Luisa F. Gutierrez, Monica Rincon-Roncancio, Carlos A. Cifuentes, Tony Belpaeme, and Marcela Munera. 2023. “Personalised Socially Assistive Robot for Cardiac Rehabilitation : Critical Reflections on Long-Term Interactions in the Real World.” USER MODELING AND USER-ADAPTED INTERACTION 33 (2): 497–544. doi:10.1007/s11257-022-09323-0.
Vancouver
1.
Irfan B, Cespedes N, Casas J, Senft E, Gutierrez LF, Rincon-Roncancio M, et al. Personalised socially assistive robot for cardiac rehabilitation : critical reflections on long-term interactions in the real world. USER MODELING AND USER-ADAPTED INTERACTION. 2023;33(2):497–544.
IEEE
[1]
B. Irfan et al., “Personalised socially assistive robot for cardiac rehabilitation : critical reflections on long-term interactions in the real world,” USER MODELING AND USER-ADAPTED INTERACTION, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 497–544, 2023.
@article{8762235,
  abstract     = {{Lack of motivation and low adherence rates are critical concerns of long-term rehabilitation programmes, such as cardiac rehabilitation. Socially assistive robots are known to be effective in improving motivation in therapy. However, over longer durations, generic and repetitive behaviours by the robot often result in a decrease in motivation and engagement, which can be overcome by personalising the interaction, such as recognising users, addressing them with their name, and providing feedback on their progress and adherence. We carried out a real-world clinical study, lasting 2.5 years with 43 patients to evaluate the effects of using a robot and personalisation in cardiac rehabilitation. Due to dropouts and other factors, 26 patients completed the programme. The results derived from these patients suggest that robots facilitate motivation and adherence, enable prompt detection of critical conditions by clinicians, and improve the cardiovascular functioning of the patients. Personalisation is further beneficial when providing high-intensity training, eliciting and maintaining engagement (as measured through gaze and social interactions) and motivation throughout the programme. However, relying on full autonomy for personalisation in a real-world environment resulted in sensor and user recognition failures, which caused negative user perceptions and lowered the perceived utility of the robot. Nonetheless, personalisation was positively perceived, suggesting that potential drawbacks need to be weighed against various benefits of the personalised interaction.}},
  author       = {{Irfan, Bahar and Cespedes, Nathalia and Casas, Jonathan and Senft, Emmanuel and Gutierrez, Luisa F. and Rincon-Roncancio, Monica and Cifuentes, Carlos A. and Belpaeme, Tony and Munera, Marcela}},
  issn         = {{0924-1868}},
  journal      = {{USER MODELING AND USER-ADAPTED INTERACTION}},
  keywords     = {{OLDER-ADULTS,ENHANCED THERAPY,EYE GAZE,CARE,CHILDREN,EXERCISE,MOTIVATION,TECHNOLOGY,ADAPTATION,ATTENTION,Personalisation in social robots,Socially assistive robotics,Real-world study,Cardiac rehabilitation,Long-term interaction,Human-robot interaction}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  number       = {{2}},
  pages        = {{497--544}},
  title        = {{Personalised socially assistive robot for cardiac rehabilitation : critical reflections on long-term interactions in the real world}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.1007/s11257-022-09323-0}},
  volume       = {{33}},
  year         = {{2023}},
}

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