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Peak muscle and joint contact forces of running with increased duty factors

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Abstract
Purpose Running with increased duty factors (DF) has been shown to effectively reduce external forces during running. In this study, we investigated whether running with increased DF (INCR) also reduces internal musculoskeletal loading measures, defined as peak muscle forces, muscle force impulses, and peak joint contact forces compared with a runners' preferred running pattern (PREF). Method Ten subjects were instructed to run with increased DF at 2.1 m center dot s(-1). Ground reaction forces and three-dimensional kinematics were simultaneously measured. A musculoskeletal model was used to estimate muscle forces based on a dynamic optimization approach, which in turn were used to calculate muscle force impulses and (resultant and three-dimensional) joint contact forces of the ankle, knee, and hip joint during stance. Results Runners successfully increased their DF from 40.6% to 49.2% on average. This reduced peak muscle forces of muscles that contribute to support during running, i.e., the ankle plantar flexors (-19%), knee extensors (-18%), and hip extensors (-15%). As a consequence, peak joint contact forces of the ankle, knee, and hip joint reduced in the INCR condition. However, several hip flexors generated higher peak muscle forces near the end of stance. Conclusions Running with increased DF lowers internal loading measures related to support during stance. Although some swing-related muscles generated higher forces near the end of stance, running with increased DF can be considered as a preventive strategy to reduce the occurrence of running-related injuries, especially in running populations that are prone to overuse injuries.
Keywords
MUSCULOSKELETAL MODELING, INJURY, BIOMECHANICS, GAIT RETRAINING

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MLA
Bonnaerens, Senne, et al. “Peak Muscle and Joint Contact Forces of Running with Increased Duty Factors.” MEDICINE & SCIENCE IN SPORTS & EXERCISE, vol. 54, no. 11, 2022, pp. 1842–49, doi:10.1249/MSS.0000000000002974.
APA
Bonnaerens, S., Van Rossom, S., Fiers, P., Van Caekenberghe, I., Derie, R., Kaneko, Y., … Segers, V. (2022). Peak muscle and joint contact forces of running with increased duty factors. MEDICINE & SCIENCE IN SPORTS & EXERCISE, 54(11), 1842–1849. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000002974
Chicago author-date
Bonnaerens, Senne, Sam Van Rossom, Pieter Fiers, Ine Van Caekenberghe, Rud Derie, Yasunori Kaneko, Edward Frederick, et al. 2022. “Peak Muscle and Joint Contact Forces of Running with Increased Duty Factors.” MEDICINE & SCIENCE IN SPORTS & EXERCISE 54 (11): 1842–49. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000002974.
Chicago author-date (all authors)
Bonnaerens, Senne, Sam Van Rossom, Pieter Fiers, Ine Van Caekenberghe, Rud Derie, Yasunori Kaneko, Edward Frederick, Benedicte Vanwanseele, Peter Aerts, Dirk De Clercq, and Veerle Segers. 2022. “Peak Muscle and Joint Contact Forces of Running with Increased Duty Factors.” MEDICINE & SCIENCE IN SPORTS & EXERCISE 54 (11): 1842–1849. doi:10.1249/MSS.0000000000002974.
Vancouver
1.
Bonnaerens S, Van Rossom S, Fiers P, Van Caekenberghe I, Derie R, Kaneko Y, et al. Peak muscle and joint contact forces of running with increased duty factors. MEDICINE & SCIENCE IN SPORTS & EXERCISE. 2022;54(11):1842–9.
IEEE
[1]
S. Bonnaerens et al., “Peak muscle and joint contact forces of running with increased duty factors,” MEDICINE & SCIENCE IN SPORTS & EXERCISE, vol. 54, no. 11, pp. 1842–1849, 2022.
@article{8759124,
  abstract     = {{Purpose Running with increased duty factors (DF) has been shown to effectively reduce external forces during running. In this study, we investigated whether running with increased DF (INCR) also reduces internal musculoskeletal loading measures, defined as peak muscle forces, muscle force impulses, and peak joint contact forces compared with a runners' preferred running pattern (PREF). Method Ten subjects were instructed to run with increased DF at 2.1 m center dot s(-1). Ground reaction forces and three-dimensional kinematics were simultaneously measured. A musculoskeletal model was used to estimate muscle forces based on a dynamic optimization approach, which in turn were used to calculate muscle force impulses and (resultant and three-dimensional) joint contact forces of the ankle, knee, and hip joint during stance. Results Runners successfully increased their DF from 40.6% to 49.2% on average. This reduced peak muscle forces of muscles that contribute to support during running, i.e., the ankle plantar flexors (-19%), knee extensors (-18%), and hip extensors (-15%). As a consequence, peak joint contact forces of the ankle, knee, and hip joint reduced in the INCR condition. However, several hip flexors generated higher peak muscle forces near the end of stance. Conclusions Running with increased DF lowers internal loading measures related to support during stance. Although some swing-related muscles generated higher forces near the end of stance, running with increased DF can be considered as a preventive strategy to reduce the occurrence of running-related injuries, especially in running populations that are prone to overuse injuries.}},
  author       = {{Bonnaerens, Senne and Van Rossom, Sam and Fiers, Pieter and Van Caekenberghe, Ine and Derie, Rud and Kaneko, Yasunori and Frederick, Edward and Vanwanseele, Benedicte and Aerts, Peter and De Clercq, Dirk and Segers, Veerle}},
  issn         = {{0195-9131}},
  journal      = {{MEDICINE & SCIENCE IN SPORTS & EXERCISE}},
  keywords     = {{MUSCULOSKELETAL MODELING,INJURY,BIOMECHANICS,GAIT RETRAINING}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  number       = {{11}},
  pages        = {{1842--1849}},
  title        = {{Peak muscle and joint contact forces of running with increased duty factors}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000002974}},
  volume       = {{54}},
  year         = {{2022}},
}

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