@article{8758658,
  abstract     = {{Cultivated hawthorn (Crataegus pinnatifida var. major) is an important medicinal and edible plant with a long history of use for health protection in China. Herein, we provide a de novo chromosome-level genome sequence of the hawthorn cultivar 'Qiu Jinxing'. We assembled an 823.41 Mb genome encoding 40,571 genes and further anchored the 779.24 Mb sequence into 17 pseudo-chromosomes, which account for 94.64% of the assembled genome. Phylogenomic analyses revealed that cultivated hawthorn diverged within the Maleae (apple tribe) from the combined clades of Malus and Pyrus at approximately 11.8 Mya. Notably, genes involved in the flavonoid and triterpenoid biosynthetic pathways have been significantly amplified in the hawthorn genome. In addition, our results indicated that the Maleae share a unique ancient tetraploidization event; however, no recent independent whole-genome duplication event was specifically detected in hawthorn. The amplification of long terminal repeat retrotransposons (e.g., Ty3/gypsy) contributed the most to the expansion of the hawthorn genome. Furthermore, we identified two paleo-sub-genomes in extant species of Maleae and found that these two sub-genomes showed different rearrangement mechanisms. We also reconstructed the ancestral chromosomes of Rosaceae and discussed two possible paleo-polyploid origin patterns (autopolyploidization or allopolyploidization) of Maleae. Overall, our study provides an improved context for understanding the evolution of Maleae species, and this new high-quality reference genome provides a useful resource for the horticultural improvement of hawthorn.}},
  author       = {{Zhang, Ticao and Qiao, Qin and Du, Xiao and Zhang, Xiao and Hou, Yali and Wei, Xin and Sun, Chao and Zhang, Rengang and Yun, Quanzheng and Crabbe, M. James C. and Van de Peer, Yves and Dong, Wenxuan}},
  issn         = {{1672-9072}},
  journal      = {{JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY}},
  keywords     = {{ancestral chromosome reconstruction,hawthorn (Crataegus spp.),long terminal repeat retrotransposons (LTR-RTs),medicinal and edible plants,sub-genome,GENE GAIN,ROSACEAE,ANNOTATION,MALOIDEAE,REVEALS,RECONSTRUCTION,TRANSCRIPTOME,ALIGNMENTS,DIVERGENCE,ANCIENT}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  number       = {{8}},
  pages        = {{1487--1501}},
  title        = {{Cultivated hawthorn (Crataegus pinnatifida var. major) genome sheds light on the evolution of Maleae (apple tribe)}},
  url          = {{http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jipb.13318}},
  volume       = {{64}},
  year         = {{2022}},
}

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