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Computed tomographic examination of the articular process joints of the cervical spine in warmblood horses : 86 cases (2015-2017)

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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe articular process joints (APJs) of the cervical spine in horses on the basis of CT and to determine whether abnormalities were associated with clinical signs. ANIMALS 86 client-owned warmblood horses. PROCEDURES Horses that underwent CT of the cervical spine between January 2015 and January 2017 were eligible for study inclusion. Medical records were reviewed for age, body weight, breed, sex, history, clinical signs, and CT findings. Horses were divided into 3 case groups and I control group on the basis of clinical signs. RESULTS 70 warmblood horses were cases, and 16 were controls. Abnormalities were more frequent from CS through TI and were severe in only horses from the case group. Narrowing of the intervertebral foramen was common in horses in the case group (85.7%), often owing to enlarged, misshaped articular processes, followed by degenerative changes, periarticular osteolysis, cyst-like lesions, and fragmentation. High articular process-to-vertebral body (C6) ratio (APBR) and high-grade narrowing of the intervertebral foramen and periarticular osteolysis were noted for horses with forelimb lameness or signs of cervical pain or stiffness. No association was identified between APBR and age or sex. An APBR > 1.5 was found in only horses in the case group, and 32.3% of APJs with APBRs > 1.5 did not have any degenerative changes and periarticular osteolysis. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE CT was useful to identify abnormalities of the APJs of the cervical spine. An association existed between CT findings and clinical signs. The APJs can be enlarged without concurrent degenerative changes.
Keywords
VERTEBRAL MALFORMATION, MYELOGRAPHY, OSTEOCHONDROSIS, DIAGNOSIS, LESIONS, BONE

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MLA
Rovel, Tibor, et al. “Computed Tomographic Examination of the Articular Process Joints of the Cervical Spine in Warmblood Horses : 86 Cases (2015-2017).” JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION, vol. 259, no. 10, 2021, pp. 1178–87, doi:10.2460/javma.20.03.0105.
APA
Rovel, T., Zimmerman, M., Duchateau, L., Delesalle, C., Adriaensen, E., Marien, T., … Vanderperren, K. (2021). Computed tomographic examination of the articular process joints of the cervical spine in warmblood horses : 86 cases (2015-2017). JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION, 259(10), 1178–1187. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.20.03.0105
Chicago author-date
Rovel, Tibor, Marieke Zimmerman, Luc Duchateau, Catherine Delesalle, Edouard Adriaensen, Tom Marien, Jimmy Saunders, and Katrien Vanderperren. 2021. “Computed Tomographic Examination of the Articular Process Joints of the Cervical Spine in Warmblood Horses : 86 Cases (2015-2017).” JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION 259 (10): 1178–87. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.20.03.0105.
Chicago author-date (all authors)
Rovel, Tibor, Marieke Zimmerman, Luc Duchateau, Catherine Delesalle, Edouard Adriaensen, Tom Marien, Jimmy Saunders, and Katrien Vanderperren. 2021. “Computed Tomographic Examination of the Articular Process Joints of the Cervical Spine in Warmblood Horses : 86 Cases (2015-2017).” JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION 259 (10): 1178–1187. doi:10.2460/javma.20.03.0105.
Vancouver
1.
Rovel T, Zimmerman M, Duchateau L, Delesalle C, Adriaensen E, Marien T, et al. Computed tomographic examination of the articular process joints of the cervical spine in warmblood horses : 86 cases (2015-2017). JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 2021;259(10):1178–87.
IEEE
[1]
T. Rovel et al., “Computed tomographic examination of the articular process joints of the cervical spine in warmblood horses : 86 cases (2015-2017),” JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION, vol. 259, no. 10, pp. 1178–1187, 2021.
@article{8740193,
  abstract     = {{OBJECTIVE To describe articular process joints (APJs) of the cervical spine in horses on the basis of CT and to determine whether abnormalities were associated with clinical signs. ANIMALS 86 client-owned warmblood horses. PROCEDURES Horses that underwent CT of the cervical spine between January 2015 and January 2017 were eligible for study inclusion. Medical records were reviewed for age, body weight, breed, sex, history, clinical signs, and CT findings. Horses were divided into 3 case groups and I control group on the basis of clinical signs. RESULTS 70 warmblood horses were cases, and 16 were controls. Abnormalities were more frequent from CS through TI and were severe in only horses from the case group. Narrowing of the intervertebral foramen was common in horses in the case group (85.7%), often owing to enlarged, misshaped articular processes, followed by degenerative changes, periarticular osteolysis, cyst-like lesions, and fragmentation. High articular process-to-vertebral body (C6) ratio (APBR) and high-grade narrowing of the intervertebral foramen and periarticular osteolysis were noted for horses with forelimb lameness or signs of cervical pain or stiffness. No association was identified between APBR and age or sex. An APBR > 1.5 was found in only horses in the case group, and 32.3% of APJs with APBRs > 1.5 did not have any degenerative changes and periarticular osteolysis. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE CT was useful to identify abnormalities of the APJs of the cervical spine. An association existed between CT findings and clinical signs. The APJs can be enlarged without concurrent degenerative changes.}},
  author       = {{Rovel, Tibor and Zimmerman, Marieke and Duchateau, Luc and Delesalle, Catherine and Adriaensen, Edouard and Marien, Tom and Saunders, Jimmy and Vanderperren, Katrien}},
  issn         = {{0003-1488}},
  journal      = {{JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}},
  keywords     = {{VERTEBRAL MALFORMATION,MYELOGRAPHY,OSTEOCHONDROSIS,DIAGNOSIS,LESIONS,BONE}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  number       = {{10}},
  pages        = {{1178--1187}},
  title        = {{Computed tomographic examination of the articular process joints of the cervical spine in warmblood horses : 86 cases (2015-2017)}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.2460/javma.20.03.0105}},
  volume       = {{259}},
  year         = {{2021}},
}

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