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Tracking infant development with a smartphone : a practical guide to the experience sampling method

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Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has forced developmental researchers to rethink their traditional research practices. The growing need to study infant development at a distance has shifted our research paradigm to online and digital monitoring of infants and families, using electronic devices, such as smartphones. In this practical guide, we introduce the Experience Sampling Method (ESM) - a research method to collect data, in the moment, on multiple occasions over time - for examining infant development at a distance. ESM is highly suited for assessing dynamic processes of infant development and family dynamics, such as parent-infant interactions and parenting practices. It can also be used to track highly fluctuating family dynamics (e.g., infant and parental mood or behavior) and routines (e.g., activity levels and feeding practices). The aim of the current paper was to provide an overview by explaining what ESM is and for what types of research ESM is best suited. Next, we provide a brief step-by-step guide on how to start and run an ESM study, including preregistration, development of a questionnaire, using wearables and other hardware, planning and design considerations, and examples of possible analysis techniques. Finally, we discuss common pitfalls of ESM research and how to avoid them.
Keywords
General Psychology, experience sampling method, ecological momentary assessment, infant development, longitudinal data, ambulatory monitor, infancy, MOMENTARY ASSESSMENT, TIME-USE, SLEEP, FAMILIES, MODELS, HEALTH, DIARY, MOOD

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MLA
van den Heuvel, Marion I., et al. “Tracking Infant Development with a Smartphone : A Practical Guide to the Experience Sampling Method.” FRONTIERS IN PSYCHOLOGY, vol. 12, 2021, doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.703743.
APA
van den Heuvel, M. I., Bülow, A., Heininga, V. E., de Moor, E. L., Janssen, L. H. C., Vanden Abeele, M., & Boekhorst, M. G. B. M. (2021). Tracking infant development with a smartphone : a practical guide to the experience sampling method. FRONTIERS IN PSYCHOLOGY, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.703743
Chicago author-date
Heuvel, Marion I. van den, Anne Bülow, Vera E. Heininga, Elisabeth L. de Moor, Loes H. C. Janssen, Mariek Vanden Abeele, and Myrthe G. B. M. Boekhorst. 2021. “Tracking Infant Development with a Smartphone : A Practical Guide to the Experience Sampling Method.” FRONTIERS IN PSYCHOLOGY 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.703743.
Chicago author-date (all authors)
van den Heuvel, Marion I., Anne Bülow, Vera E. Heininga, Elisabeth L. de Moor, Loes H. C. Janssen, Mariek Vanden Abeele, and Myrthe G. B. M. Boekhorst. 2021. “Tracking Infant Development with a Smartphone : A Practical Guide to the Experience Sampling Method.” FRONTIERS IN PSYCHOLOGY 12. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.703743.
Vancouver
1.
van den Heuvel MI, Bülow A, Heininga VE, de Moor EL, Janssen LHC, Vanden Abeele M, et al. Tracking infant development with a smartphone : a practical guide to the experience sampling method. FRONTIERS IN PSYCHOLOGY. 2021;12.
IEEE
[1]
M. I. van den Heuvel et al., “Tracking infant development with a smartphone : a practical guide to the experience sampling method,” FRONTIERS IN PSYCHOLOGY, vol. 12, 2021.
@article{8733391,
  abstract     = {{The COVID-19 pandemic has forced developmental researchers to rethink their traditional research practices. The growing need to study infant development at a distance has shifted our research paradigm to online and digital monitoring of infants and families, using electronic devices, such as smartphones. In this practical guide, we introduce the Experience Sampling Method (ESM) - a research method to collect data, in the moment, on multiple occasions over time - for examining infant development at a distance. ESM is highly suited for assessing dynamic processes of infant development and family dynamics, such as parent-infant interactions and parenting practices. It can also be used to track highly fluctuating family dynamics (e.g., infant and parental mood or behavior) and routines (e.g., activity levels and feeding practices). The aim of the current paper was to provide an overview by explaining what ESM is and for what types of research ESM is best suited. Next, we provide a brief step-by-step guide on how to start and run an ESM study, including preregistration, development of a questionnaire, using wearables and other hardware, planning and design considerations, and examples of possible analysis techniques. Finally, we discuss common pitfalls of ESM research and how to avoid them.}},
  articleno    = {{703743}},
  author       = {{van den Heuvel, Marion I. and Bülow, Anne and Heininga, Vera E. and de Moor, Elisabeth L. and Janssen, Loes H. C. and Vanden Abeele, Mariek and Boekhorst, Myrthe G. B. M.}},
  issn         = {{1664-1078}},
  journal      = {{FRONTIERS IN PSYCHOLOGY}},
  keywords     = {{General Psychology,experience sampling method,ecological momentary assessment,infant development,longitudinal data,ambulatory monitor,infancy,MOMENTARY ASSESSMENT,TIME-USE,SLEEP,FAMILIES,MODELS,HEALTH,DIARY,MOOD}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  pages        = {{10}},
  title        = {{Tracking infant development with a smartphone : a practical guide to the experience sampling method}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.703743}},
  volume       = {{12}},
  year         = {{2021}},
}

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