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Effect of extrusion and fused filament fabrication processing parameters of recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) on the crystallinity and mechanical properties

Babs Van de Voorde, Amalia Katalagarianakis, Sofie Huysman, Antoniya Toncheva, Jean-Marie Raquez, Ivica Duretek, Clemens Holzer, Ludwig Cardon (UGent) , Katrien V. Bernaerts, Danny Van Hemelrijck, et al.
(2022) ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING. 50.
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Abstract
The production of plastic has grown exponentially over the past few decades and with it the amount of plastic waste leaking in the environment, where it fragments into micro-and nanoplastics. This problematic situation stresses the need for increased plastic collection, recycling and reuse rates. Extrusion-based additive manufacturing (AM) and especially fused filament fabrication (FFF) offer an efficient and effective method to reuse and upcycle recycled plastic. This study focuses on poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), which has a broad application window and its recycling is therefore environmentally and economically favorable and sustainable. Therefore, this study involves the thermal and mechanical behavior of recycled PET after extrusion and 3D printing. The extrusion parameters are optimized by performing a complete physico-chemical and thermal analysis of the obtained filaments and they were compared with commercial virgin and recycled PET. Moreover, the influence of the applied processing conditions on the degree of crystallinity and mechanical properties is investigated. The filaments are then used for FFF, where various printing parameters are altered to obtain the optimum printing conditions (i.e. printing temperature, the build plate temperature, fan cooling and printing directions). The effect of the degree of crystallinity of semi-crystalline PET is investigated via altered printing parameters, showing superior mechanical properties for an increasing degree of crystallinity. To verify the portability of the obtained optimized print parameters, two different FFF printers are used. The use of recycled PET as feedstock for FFF supports the efforts for improving the sustainability of plastics by valorizing PET waste, and prolonging the lifecycle of PET.
Keywords
Recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate), Fused filament fabrication, Melt extrusion, Crystallinity degree, Mechanical properties, OF-THE-ART, POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE, SEMICRYSTALLINE POLY(ETHYLENE-TEREPHTHALATE), CRYSTALLIZATION BEHAVIOR, THERMAL-DEGRADATION, PET, KINETICS, MOISTURE, SHRINKAGE, FDM

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Citation

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MLA
Van de Voorde, Babs, et al. “Effect of Extrusion and Fused Filament Fabrication Processing Parameters of Recycled Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate) on the Crystallinity and Mechanical Properties.” ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, vol. 50, 2022, doi:10.1016/j.addma.2021.102518.
APA
Van de Voorde, B., Katalagarianakis, A., Huysman, S., Toncheva, A., Raquez, J.-M., Duretek, I., … Van Vlierberghe, S. (2022). Effect of extrusion and fused filament fabrication processing parameters of recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) on the crystallinity and mechanical properties. ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, 50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2021.102518
Chicago author-date
Van de Voorde, Babs, Amalia Katalagarianakis, Sofie Huysman, Antoniya Toncheva, Jean-Marie Raquez, Ivica Duretek, Clemens Holzer, et al. 2022. “Effect of Extrusion and Fused Filament Fabrication Processing Parameters of Recycled Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate) on the Crystallinity and Mechanical Properties.” ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING 50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2021.102518.
Chicago author-date (all authors)
Van de Voorde, Babs, Amalia Katalagarianakis, Sofie Huysman, Antoniya Toncheva, Jean-Marie Raquez, Ivica Duretek, Clemens Holzer, Ludwig Cardon, Katrien V. Bernaerts, Danny Van Hemelrijck, Lincy Pyl, and Sandra Van Vlierberghe. 2022. “Effect of Extrusion and Fused Filament Fabrication Processing Parameters of Recycled Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate) on the Crystallinity and Mechanical Properties.” ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING 50. doi:10.1016/j.addma.2021.102518.
Vancouver
1.
Van de Voorde B, Katalagarianakis A, Huysman S, Toncheva A, Raquez J-M, Duretek I, et al. Effect of extrusion and fused filament fabrication processing parameters of recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) on the crystallinity and mechanical properties. ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING. 2022;50.
IEEE
[1]
B. Van de Voorde et al., “Effect of extrusion and fused filament fabrication processing parameters of recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) on the crystallinity and mechanical properties,” ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, vol. 50, 2022.
@article{8731340,
  abstract     = {{The production of plastic has grown exponentially over the past few decades and with it the amount of plastic waste leaking in the environment, where it fragments into micro-and nanoplastics. This problematic situation stresses the need for increased plastic collection, recycling and reuse rates. Extrusion-based additive manufacturing (AM) and especially fused filament fabrication (FFF) offer an efficient and effective method to reuse and upcycle recycled plastic. This study focuses on poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), which has a broad application window and its recycling is therefore environmentally and economically favorable and sustainable. Therefore, this study involves the thermal and mechanical behavior of recycled PET after extrusion and 3D printing. The extrusion parameters are optimized by performing a complete physico-chemical and thermal analysis of the obtained filaments and they were compared with commercial virgin and recycled PET. Moreover, the influence of the applied processing conditions on the degree of crystallinity and mechanical properties is investigated. The filaments are then used for FFF, where various printing parameters are altered to obtain the optimum printing conditions (i.e. printing temperature, the build plate temperature, fan cooling and printing directions). The effect of the degree of crystallinity of semi-crystalline PET is investigated via altered printing parameters, showing superior mechanical properties for an increasing degree of crystallinity. To verify the portability of the obtained optimized print parameters, two different FFF printers are used. The use of recycled PET as feedstock for FFF supports the efforts for improving the sustainability of plastics by valorizing PET waste, and prolonging the lifecycle of PET.}},
  articleno    = {{102518}},
  author       = {{Van de Voorde, Babs and Katalagarianakis, Amalia and Huysman, Sofie and Toncheva, Antoniya and Raquez, Jean-Marie and Duretek, Ivica and Holzer, Clemens and Cardon, Ludwig and Bernaerts, Katrien V. and Van Hemelrijck, Danny and Pyl, Lincy and Van Vlierberghe, Sandra}},
  issn         = {{2214-8604}},
  journal      = {{ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING}},
  keywords     = {{Recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate),Fused filament fabrication,Melt extrusion,Crystallinity degree,Mechanical properties,OF-THE-ART,POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE,SEMICRYSTALLINE POLY(ETHYLENE-TEREPHTHALATE),CRYSTALLIZATION BEHAVIOR,THERMAL-DEGRADATION,PET,KINETICS,MOISTURE,SHRINKAGE,FDM}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  pages        = {{14}},
  title        = {{Effect of extrusion and fused filament fabrication processing parameters of recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) on the crystallinity and mechanical properties}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2021.102518}},
  volume       = {{50}},
  year         = {{2022}},
}
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