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Green synthesis of N/Zr co-doped TiO2 for photocatalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol in wastewater

Hayette Benkhennouche-Bouchene, Julien G. Mahy, Cedric Wolfs, Benedicte Vertruyen, Dirk Poelman (UGent) , Pierre Eloy, Sophie Hermans, Mekki Bouhali, Abdelhafid Souici, Saliha Bourouina-Bacha, et al.
(2021) CATALYSTS. 11(2).
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Abstract
TiO2 prepared by a green aqueous sol-gel peptization process is co-doped with nitrogen and zirconium to improve and extend its photoactivity to the visible region. Two nitrogen precursors are used: urea and triethylamine; zirconium (IV) tert-butoxide is added as a source of zirconia. The N/Ti molar ratio is fixed regardless of the chosen nitrogen precursor while the quantity of zirconia is set to 0.7, 1.4, 2, or 2.8 mol%. The performance and physico-chemical properties of these materials are compared with the commercial Evonik P25 photocatalyst. For all doped and co-doped samples, TiO2 nanoparticles of 4 to 8 nm of size are formed of anatase-brookite phases, with a specific surface area between 125 and 280 m(2) g(-1) vs. 50 m(2) g(-1) for the commercial P25 photocatalyst. X-ray photoelectron (XPS) measurements show that nitrogen is incorporated into the TiO2 materials through Ti-O-N bonds allowing light absorption in the visible region. The XPS spectra of the Zr-(co)doped powders show the presence of TiO2-ZrO2 mixed oxide materials. Under visible light, the best co-doped sample gives a degradation of p-nitrophenol (PNP) equal to 70% instead of 25% with pure TiO2 and 10% with P25 under the same conditions. Similarly, the photocatalytic activity improved under UV/visible reaching 95% with the best sample compared to 50% with pure TiO2. This study suggests that N/Zr co-doped TiO2 nanoparticles can be produced in a safe and energy-efficient way while being markedly more active than state-of-the-art photocatalytic materials under visible light.
Keywords
ambient crystallization, photocatalysis, Zr, N doping, titania, aqueous sol-gel process, p-nitrophenol degradation

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MLA
Benkhennouche-Bouchene, Hayette, et al. “Green Synthesis of N/Zr Co-Doped TiO2 for Photocatalytic Degradation of p-Nitrophenol in Wastewater.” CATALYSTS, vol. 11, no. 2, 2021, doi:10.3390/catal11020235.
APA
Benkhennouche-Bouchene, H., Mahy, J. G., Wolfs, C., Vertruyen, B., Poelman, D., Eloy, P., … Lambert, S. D. (2021). Green synthesis of N/Zr co-doped TiO2 for photocatalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol in wastewater. CATALYSTS, 11(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/catal11020235
Chicago author-date
Benkhennouche-Bouchene, Hayette, Julien G. Mahy, Cedric Wolfs, Benedicte Vertruyen, Dirk Poelman, Pierre Eloy, Sophie Hermans, et al. 2021. “Green Synthesis of N/Zr Co-Doped TiO2 for Photocatalytic Degradation of p-Nitrophenol in Wastewater.” CATALYSTS 11 (2). https://doi.org/10.3390/catal11020235.
Chicago author-date (all authors)
Benkhennouche-Bouchene, Hayette, Julien G. Mahy, Cedric Wolfs, Benedicte Vertruyen, Dirk Poelman, Pierre Eloy, Sophie Hermans, Mekki Bouhali, Abdelhafid Souici, Saliha Bourouina-Bacha, and Stephanie D. Lambert. 2021. “Green Synthesis of N/Zr Co-Doped TiO2 for Photocatalytic Degradation of p-Nitrophenol in Wastewater.” CATALYSTS 11 (2). doi:10.3390/catal11020235.
Vancouver
1.
Benkhennouche-Bouchene H, Mahy JG, Wolfs C, Vertruyen B, Poelman D, Eloy P, et al. Green synthesis of N/Zr co-doped TiO2 for photocatalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol in wastewater. CATALYSTS. 2021;11(2).
IEEE
[1]
H. Benkhennouche-Bouchene et al., “Green synthesis of N/Zr co-doped TiO2 for photocatalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol in wastewater,” CATALYSTS, vol. 11, no. 2, 2021.
@article{8708958,
  abstract     = {{TiO2 prepared by a green aqueous sol-gel peptization process is co-doped with nitrogen and zirconium to improve and extend its photoactivity to the visible region. Two nitrogen precursors are used: urea and triethylamine; zirconium (IV) tert-butoxide is added as a source of zirconia. The N/Ti molar ratio is fixed regardless of the chosen nitrogen precursor while the quantity of zirconia is set to 0.7, 1.4, 2, or 2.8 mol%. The performance and physico-chemical properties of these materials are compared with the commercial Evonik P25 photocatalyst. For all doped and co-doped samples, TiO2 nanoparticles of 4 to 8 nm of size are formed of anatase-brookite phases, with a specific surface area between 125 and 280 m(2) g(-1) vs. 50 m(2) g(-1) for the commercial P25 photocatalyst. X-ray photoelectron (XPS) measurements show that nitrogen is incorporated into the TiO2 materials through Ti-O-N bonds allowing light absorption in the visible region. The XPS spectra of the Zr-(co)doped powders show the presence of TiO2-ZrO2 mixed oxide materials. Under visible light, the best co-doped sample gives a degradation of p-nitrophenol (PNP) equal to 70% instead of 25% with pure TiO2 and 10% with P25 under the same conditions. Similarly, the photocatalytic activity improved under UV/visible reaching 95% with the best sample compared to 50% with pure TiO2. This study suggests that N/Zr co-doped TiO2 nanoparticles can be produced in a safe and energy-efficient way while being markedly more active than state-of-the-art photocatalytic materials under visible light.}},
  articleno    = {{235}},
  author       = {{Benkhennouche-Bouchene, Hayette and Mahy, Julien G. and Wolfs, Cedric and Vertruyen, Benedicte and Poelman, Dirk and Eloy, Pierre and Hermans, Sophie and Bouhali, Mekki and Souici, Abdelhafid and Bourouina-Bacha, Saliha and Lambert, Stephanie D.}},
  issn         = {{2073-4344}},
  journal      = {{CATALYSTS}},
  keywords     = {{ambient crystallization,photocatalysis,Zr,N doping,titania,aqueous sol-gel process,p-nitrophenol degradation}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  number       = {{2}},
  pages        = {{21}},
  title        = {{Green synthesis of N/Zr co-doped TiO2 for photocatalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol in wastewater}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.3390/catal11020235}},
  volume       = {{11}},
  year         = {{2021}},
}
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