@article{8707990,
  abstract     = {{The development of a healthy intestinal immune system requires early microbial exposure. However, it remains unclear whether microbial exposure already begins at the prenatal stage. Analysis of such low microbial biomass environments are challenging due to contamination issues. The aims of the current study were to assess the bacterial load and characterize the bacterial composition of the amniotic fluid and meconium of full-term calves, leading to a better knowledge of prenatal bacterial seeding of the fetal intestine. Amniotic fluid and rectal meconium samples were collected during and immediately after elective cesarean section, performed in 25 Belgian Blue cow-calf couples. The samples were analyzed by qPCR, bacterial culture using GAM agar and 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. To minimize the effects of contaminants, we included multiple technical controls and stringently filtered the 16S rRNA gene sequencing data to exclude putative contaminant sequences. The meconium samples contained a significantly higher amount of bacterial DNA than the negative controls and 5 of 24 samples contained culturable bacteria. In the amniotic fluid, the amount of bacterial DNA was not significantly different from the negative controls and all samples were culture negative. Bacterial sequences were identified in both sample types and were primarily of phyla Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria, with some individual variation. We conclude that most calves encounter in utero maternal-fetal transmission of bacterial DNA, but the amount of bacterial DNA is low and viable bacteria are rare.}},
  articleno    = {{626421}},
  author       = {{Husso, Aleksi and Lietaer, Leen and Pessa-Morikawa, Tiina and Grönthal, Thomas and Govaere, Jan and Van Soom, Ann and Iivanainen, Antti and Opsomer, Geert and Niku, Mikael}},
  issn         = {{1664-302X}},
  journal      = {{FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY}},
  keywords     = {{Microbiology (medical),Microbiology,bovine,gut,amniotic fluid,meconium,fetal,cesarean section,microbiome,neonatal,PERINATAL INTESTINAL MICROBIOTA,BACTERIAL LOAD,STERILE WOMB,IN-UTERO,COLONIZATION,MECONIUM,CONTAMINATION,COMMUNITIES,EXTRACTION,PLACENTA}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  pages        = {{11}},
  title        = {{The composition of the microbiota in the full-term fetal gut and amniotic fluid : a bovine cesarean section study}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.626421}},
  volume       = {{12}},
  year         = {{2021}},
}

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