@article{8703500,
  abstract     = {{Objective The objective of this study was to analyze how parental education modifies the genetic and environmental variances of BMI from infancy to old age in three geographic-cultural regions. Methods A pooled sample of 29 cohorts including 143,499 twin individuals with information on parental education and BMI from age 1 to 79 years (299,201 BMI measures) was analyzed by genetic twin modeling. Results Until 4 years of age, parental education was not consistently associated with BMI. Thereafter, higher parental education level was associated with lower BMI in males and females. Total and additive genetic variances of BMI were smaller in the offspring of highly educated parents than in those whose parents had low education levels. Especially in North American and Australian children, environmental factors shared by co-twins also contributed to the higher BMI variation in the low education level category. In Europe and East Asia, the associations of parental education with mean BMI and BMI variance were weaker than in North America and Australia. Conclusions Lower parental education level is associated with higher mean BMI and larger genetic variance of BMI after early childhood, especially in the obesogenic macro-environment. The interplay among genetic predisposition, childhood social environment, and macro-social context is important for socioeconomic differences in BMI.}},
  author       = {{Silventoinen, Karri and Jelenkovic, Aline and Latvala, Antti and Yokoyama, Yoshie and Sund, Reijo and Sugawara, Masumi and Tanaka, Mami and Matsumoto, Satoko and Aaltonen, Sari and Piirtola, Maarit and Freitas, Duarte L. and Maia, José A. and Öncel, Sevgi Y. and Aliev, Fazil and Ji, Fuling and Ning, Feng and Pang, Zengchang and Rebato, Esther and Saudino, Kimberly J. and Cutler, Tessa L. and Hopper, John L. and Ullemar, Vilhelmina and Almqvist, Catarina and Magnusson, Patrik K. E. and Cozen, Wendy and Hwang, Amie E. and Mack, Thomas M. and Willemsen, Gonneke and Bartels, Meike and van Beijsterveldt, Catharina E. M. and Nelson, Tracy L. and Whitfield, Keith E. and Sung, Joohon and Kim, Jina and Lee, Jooyeon and Lee, Sooji and Llewellyn, Clare H. and Fisher, Abigail and Medda, Emanuela and Nisticò, Lorenza and Toccaceli, Virgilia and Baker, Laura A. and Tuvblad, Catherine and Corley, Robin P. and Huibregtse, Brooke M. and Derom, Catherine and Vlietinck, Robert F. and Loos, Ruth J. F. and Knafo‐Noam, Ariel and Mankuta, David and Abramson, Lior and Burt, S. Alexandra and Klump, Kelly L. and Silberg, Judy L. and Maes, Hermine H. and Krueger, Robert F. and McGue, Matt and Pahlen, Shandell and Gatz, Margaret and Butler, David A. and Harris, Jennifer R. and Nilsen, Thomas S. and Harden, K. Paige and Tucker‐Drob, Elliot M. and Franz, Carol E. and Kremen, William S. and Lyons, Michael J. and Lichtenstein, Paul and Jeong, Hoe‐Uk and Hur, Yoon‐Mi and Boomsma, Dorret I. and Sørensen, Thorkild I. A. and Kaprio, Jaakko}},
  issn         = {{1930-7381}},
  journal      = {{OBESITY}},
  keywords     = {{BODY-MASS INDEX,SOCIOECONOMIC-STATUS,ANTHROPOMETRICAL MEASURES,ENVIRONMENTAL-INFLUENCES,COLLABORATIVE PROJECT,FOOD-INTAKE,EARLY-LIFE,ADIPOSITY,CHILDHOOD,VARIANTS}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  number       = {{5}},
  pages        = {{855--865}},
  title        = {{Parental education and genetics of BMI from infancy to old age : a pooled analysis of 29 twin cohorts}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.1002/oby.22451}},
  volume       = {{27}},
  year         = {{2019}},
}

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