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Unraveling the structure and function of melanin through synthesis

Wei Cao, Xuhao Zhou, Naneki C. McCallum, Ziying Hu, Qing Zhe Ni, Utkarsh Kapoor, Christian M. Heil, Kristine S. Cay, Tara Zand, Alex J. Mantanona, et al.
(2021) JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY. 143(7). p.2622-2637
Author
Organization
Abstract
Melanin is ubiquitous in living organisms across different biological kingdoms of life, making it an important, natural biomaterial. Its presence in nature from microorganisms to higher animals and plants is attributed to the many functions of melanin, including pigmentation, radical scavenging, radiation protection, and thermal regulation. Generally, melanin is classified into five types.eumelanin, pheomelanin, neuromelanin, allomelanin, and pyomelanin.based on the various chemical precursors used in their biosynthesis. Despite its long history of study, the exact chemical makeup of melanin remains unclear, and it moreover has an inherent diversity and complexity of chemical structure, likely including many functions and properties that remain to be identified. Synthetic mimics have begun to play a broader role in unraveling structure and function relationships of natural melanins. In the past decade, polydopamine, which has served as the conventional form of synthetic eumelanin, has dominated the literature on melanin-based materials, while the synthetic analogues of other melanins have received far less attention. In this perspective, we will discuss the synthesis of melanin materials with a special focus beyond polydopamine. We will emphasize efforts to elucidate biosynthetic pathways and structural characterization approaches that can be harnessed to interrogate specific structure-function relationships, including electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (ssNMR) spectroscopy. We believe that this timely Perspective will introduce this class of biopolymer to the broader chemistry community, where we hope to stimulate new opportunities in novel, melanin-based poly-functional synthetic materials.
Keywords
Colloid and Surface Chemistry, Biochemistry, General Chemistry, Catalysis

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MLA
Cao, Wei, et al. “Unraveling the Structure and Function of Melanin through Synthesis.” JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, vol. 143, no. 7, 2021, pp. 2622–37, doi:10.1021/jacs.0c12322.
APA
Cao, W., Zhou, X., McCallum, N. C., Hu, Z., Ni, Q. Z., Kapoor, U., … Gianneschi, N. C. (2021). Unraveling the structure and function of melanin through synthesis. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, 143(7), 2622–2637. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.0c12322
Chicago author-date
Cao, Wei, Xuhao Zhou, Naneki C. McCallum, Ziying Hu, Qing Zhe Ni, Utkarsh Kapoor, Christian M. Heil, et al. 2021. “Unraveling the Structure and Function of Melanin through Synthesis.” JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 143 (7): 2622–37. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.0c12322.
Chicago author-date (all authors)
Cao, Wei, Xuhao Zhou, Naneki C. McCallum, Ziying Hu, Qing Zhe Ni, Utkarsh Kapoor, Christian M. Heil, Kristine S. Cay, Tara Zand, Alex J. Mantanona, Arthi Jayaraman, Ali Dhinojwala, Dimitri D. Deheyn, Matthew Shawkey, Michael D. Burkart, Jeffrey D. Rinehart, and Nathan C. Gianneschi. 2021. “Unraveling the Structure and Function of Melanin through Synthesis.” JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 143 (7): 2622–2637. doi:10.1021/jacs.0c12322.
Vancouver
1.
Cao W, Zhou X, McCallum NC, Hu Z, Ni QZ, Kapoor U, et al. Unraveling the structure and function of melanin through synthesis. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY. 2021;143(7):2622–37.
IEEE
[1]
W. Cao et al., “Unraveling the structure and function of melanin through synthesis,” JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, vol. 143, no. 7, pp. 2622–2637, 2021.
@article{8699336,
  abstract     = {{Melanin is ubiquitous in living organisms across different biological kingdoms of life, making it an important, natural biomaterial. Its presence in nature from microorganisms to higher animals and plants is attributed to the many functions of melanin, including pigmentation, radical scavenging, radiation protection, and thermal regulation. Generally, melanin is classified into five types.eumelanin, pheomelanin, neuromelanin, allomelanin, and pyomelanin.based on the various chemical precursors used in their biosynthesis. Despite its long history of study, the exact chemical makeup of melanin remains unclear, and it moreover has an inherent diversity and complexity of chemical structure, likely including many functions and properties that remain to be identified. Synthetic mimics have begun to play a broader role in unraveling structure and function relationships of natural melanins. In the past decade, polydopamine, which has served as the conventional form of synthetic eumelanin, has dominated the literature on melanin-based materials, while the synthetic analogues of other melanins have received far less attention. In this perspective, we will discuss the synthesis of melanin materials with a special focus beyond polydopamine. We will emphasize efforts to elucidate biosynthetic pathways and structural characterization approaches that can be harnessed to interrogate specific structure-function relationships, including electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (ssNMR) spectroscopy. We believe that this timely Perspective will introduce this class of biopolymer to the broader chemistry community, where we hope to stimulate new opportunities in novel, melanin-based poly-functional synthetic materials.}},
  author       = {{Cao, Wei and Zhou, Xuhao and McCallum, Naneki C. and Hu, Ziying and Ni, Qing Zhe and Kapoor, Utkarsh and Heil, Christian M. and Cay, Kristine S. and Zand, Tara and Mantanona, Alex J. and Jayaraman, Arthi and Dhinojwala, Ali and Deheyn, Dimitri D. and Shawkey, Matthew and Burkart, Michael D. and Rinehart, Jeffrey D. and Gianneschi, Nathan C.}},
  issn         = {{0002-7863}},
  journal      = {{JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY}},
  keywords     = {{Colloid and Surface Chemistry,Biochemistry,General Chemistry,Catalysis}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  number       = {{7}},
  pages        = {{2622--2637}},
  title        = {{Unraveling the structure and function of melanin through synthesis}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.0c12322}},
  volume       = {{143}},
  year         = {{2021}},
}
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