@article{8696842,
  abstract     = {{Background: Although high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and non-HDL cholesterol have opposite associations with coronary heart disease, multi-country reports of lipid trends only use total cholesterol (TC). Our aim was to compare trends in total, HDL and nonHDL cholesterol and the total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio in Asian and Western countries.

Methods: We pooled 458 population-based studies with 82.1 million participants in 23 Asian and Western countries. We estimated changes in mean total, HDL and non-HDL cholesterol and mean total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio by country, sex and age group.

Results: Since similar to 1980, mean TC increased in Asian countries. In Japan and South Korea, the TC rise was due to rising HDL cholesterol, which increased by up to 0.17 mmol/L per decade in Japanese women; in China, it was due to rising non-HDL cholesterol. TC declined in Western countries, except in Polish men. The decline was largest in Finland and Norway, at similar to 0.4 mmol/L per decade. The decline in TC in most Western countries was the net effect of an increase in HDL cholesterol and a decline in non-HDL cholesterol, with the HDL cholesterol increase largest in New Zealand and Switzerland. Mean total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio declined in Japan, South Korea and most Western countries, by as much as similar to 0.7 per decade in Swiss men (equivalent to similar to 26% decline in coronary heart disease risk per decade). The ratio increased in China.

Conclusions: HDL cholesterol has risen and the total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio has declined in many Western countries, Japan and South Korea, with only a weak correlation with changes in TC or non-HDL cholesterol.}},
  author       = {{NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC), [missing] and Taddei, Cristina and Jackson, Rod and Zhou, Bin and Bixby, Honor and Danaei, Goodarz and Di Cesare, Mariachiara and Kuulasmaa, Kari and Hajifathalian, Kaveh and Bentham, James and Bennett, James E and Aekplakorn, Wichai and Cifkova, Renata and Dallongeville, Jean and DeBacquer, Dirk and Giampaoli, Simona and Gudnason, Vilmundur and Khang, Young-Ho and Laatikainen, Tiina and Mann, JimI and Marques-Vidal, Pedro and Mensah, George A and Müller-Nurasyid, Martina and Ninomiya, Toshiharu and Petkeviciene, Janina and Rodríguez-Artalejo, Fernando and Servais, Jennifer and Söderberg, Stefan and Stavreski, Bill and Wilsgaard, Tom and Zdrojewski, Tomasz and Zhao, Dong and Stevens, Gretchen A and Savin, Stefan and Cowan, Melanie J and Riley, Leanne M and Ezzati, Majid and Adams, Robert J and Aekplakorn, Wichai and Ahrens, Wolfgang and Amouyel, Philippe and Amuzu, Antoinette and Anderssen, Sigmund A and Ariansen, Inger and Arveiler, Dominique and Aspelund, Thor and Auvinen, Juha and Avdicová, Mária and Banach, Maciej and Bandosz, Piotr and Banegas, José R and Barbagallo, Carlo M and Bata, Iqbal and Baur, Louise A and Beaglehole, Robert and Bennett, James E and Bernotiene, Gailute and Bi, Yufang and Bienek, Asako and Björkelund, Cecilia and Bo, Simona and Boehm, Bernhard O and Bonaccio, Marialaura and Bongard, Vanina and Borchini, Rossana and Borghs, Herman and Breckenkamp, Juergen and Brenner, Hermann and Bruno, Graziella and Busch, Markus A and Cabrera de León, Antonio and Capuano, Vincenzo and Casanueva, Felipe F and Casas, Juan-Pablo and Caserta, Carmelo A and Censi, Laura and Chen, Fangfang and Chen, Shuohua and Chirlaque, María-Dolores and Cho, Belong and Cho, Yumi and Chudek, Jerzy and Cifkova, Renata and Claessens, Frank and Clarke, Janine and Clays, Els and Cooper, Cyrus and Costanzo, Simona and Cottel, Dominique and Cowell, Chris and Crujeiras, Ana B and Cui, Liufu and D'Arrigo, Graziella and Dallongeville, Jean and Dauchet, Luc and De Backer, Guy and De Bacquer, Dirk and de Gaetano, Giovanni and De Henauw, Stefaan and De Smedt, Delphine and Dennison, Elaine and Deschamps, Valérie and DiCastelnuovo, Augusto and Dobson, Annette J and Donfrancesco, Chiara and Döring, Angela and Drygas, Wojciech and Du, Yong and Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk, Elzbieta and Eggertsen, Robert and Ekelund, Ulf and Elosua, Roberto and Eriksson, Johan G and Evans, Alun and Faeh, David and Felix-Redondo, Francisco J and Fernández-Bergés, Daniel and Ferrari, Marika and Ferrieres, Jean and Finn, Joseph D and Forslund, Ann-Sofie and Forsner, Maria and Frontera, Guillermo and Fujita, Yuki and Gaciong, Zbigniew and Galvano, Fabio and Gao, Jingli and Garcia-de-la-Hera, Manoli and Garnett, Sarah P and Gaspoz, Jean-Michel and Gasull, Magda and Gates, Louise and Giampaoli, Simona and Gianfagna, Francesco and Gill, Tiffany K and Giovannelli, Jonathan and Goltzman, David and GonzalezGross, Marcela and Gottrand, Frederic and Graff-Iversen, Sidsel and Grafnetter, Dušan and Gregor, Ronald D and Grodzicki, Tomasz and Grosso, Giuseppe and Gruden, Grabriella and Gu, Dongfeng and Guallar-Castillón, Pilar and Gudmundsson, Elias F and Gudnason, Vilmundur and Guessous, Idris and Gunnlaugsdottir, Johanna and Gutzwiller, Felix and Hardy, Rebecca and Hata, Jun and Haugsgjerd, Teresa and Hayes, Alison J and He, Jiang and He, Yuna and Herrala, Sauli and TapaniHihtaniemi, Ilpo and Hobbs, Michael and Hopman, Wilma M and MaríaHuerta, José and Huybrechts, Inge and Iacoviello, Licia and Iannone, Anna G and Ikeda, Nayu and Iwasaki, Masanori and Jackson, Rod and Jamrozik, Konrad and Janszky, Imre and Jarvelin, Marjo-Riitta and Jasienska, Grazyna and Jennings, Garry and Jeong, Seung-lyeal and QiangJiang, Chao and Joffres, Michel and Jokelainen, Jari J and Jonas, Jost B and Jóźwiak, Jacek and Kajantie, Eero O and Kauhanen, Jussi and Keil, Ulrich and Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi, Sirkka and Kersting, Mathilde and Khang, Young-Ho and Kiechl-Kohlendorfer, Ursula and Kiechl, Stefan and Kim, Jeongseon and Kim, Yeon-Yong and Klumbiene, Jurate and Knoflach, Michael and Ko, Stephanie and Kolle, Elin and Korpelainen, Raija and Koskinen, Seppo and Kouda, Katsuyasu and Kratzer, Wolfgang and Kriemler, Susi and Krokstad, Steinar and Kujala, Urho M and Kurjata, Pawel and Kuulasmaa, Kari and Laatikainen, Tiina and HingLam, Tai and Lanska, Vera and Lappas, Georg and Laugsand, Lars E and Lee, Jeonghee and Lehtimäki, Terho and Li, Yanping and Lilly, Christa L and Lin, Xu and Lind, Lars and Lissner, Lauren and Liu, Jing and Lopez-Garcia, Esther and Lorbeer, Roberto and EugenioLozano, José and Luksiene, Dalia and Lundqvist, Annamari and Lundqvist, Robert and Lytsy, Per and Ma, Guansheng and Machi, Suka and Maggi, Stefania and Magliano, Dianna J and Mann, JimI and Manzato, Enzo and Marques-Vidal, Pedro and Mathiesen, Ellisiv B and McLachlan, Stela and McLean, Rachael M and McLean, Scott B and Meirhaeghe, Aline and Meisinger, Christa and Metcalf, Patricia and Mi, Jie and Miller, Jody C and Moreno, Luis A and Morin, Suzanne and Mossakowska, Malgorzata and Muiesan, Maria L and Müller-Nurasyid, Martina and Mursu, Jaakko and Nakamura, Harunobu and Námešná, Jana and Nauck, Matthias and MariaNavarrete-Muñoz, Eva and Neal, William A and Nenko, Ilona and Niiranen, Teemu J and Ning, Guang and Ninomiya, Toshiharu and Noale, Marianna and Norie, Sawada and Noto, Davide and O'Neill, Terence and O'Reilly, Dermot and Oh, Kyungwon and Olafsson, Örn and MichelPaccaud, Fred and Pajak, Andrzej and Palmieri, Luigi and Panza, Francesco and Parnell, Winsome R and Peltonen, Markku and Peters, Annette and Petersmann, Astrid and Petkeviciene, Janina and Pigeot, Iris and Pilotto, Lorenza and Piwonska, Aleksandra and Plans-Rubió, Pedro and Porta, Miquel and Price, Jacqueline F and Puder, Jardena J and Puhakka, Soile E and Radisauskas, Ricardas and Raitakari, Olli and Ramos, Rafel and Redon, Josep and Rigo, Fernando and Rodríguez-Artalejo, Fernando and Rodriguez-Perez, MaríadelCristo and Romaguera, Dora and Ronkainen, Kimmo and Rosengren, Annika and Roy, Joel G R and Ruidavets, Jean-Bernard and Rutkowski, Marcin and Salanave, Benoit and Salmerón, Diego and Salomaa, Veikko and Salonen, Jukka T and Salvetti, Massimo and Sans, Susana and Saramies, Jouko L and Saum, Kai-Uwe and Scheidt-Nave, Christa and Schienkiewitz, Anja and Schipf, Sabine and Schmidt, Carsten O and Schöttker, Ben and Sebert, Sylvain and Sen, Abhijit and Servais, Jennifer and Shaw, Jonathan E and Shibuya, Kenji and WookShin, Dong and Shiri, Rahman and Simons, Judith and Simons, Leon A and Sjöström, Michael and Slowikowska-Hilczer, Jolanta and Slusarczyk, Przemyslaw and Söderberg, Stefan and Solfrizzi, Vincenzo and Sonestedt, Emily and Soumare, Aicha and Staessen, Jan A and Stathopoulou, Maria G and Stavreski, Bill and Steene-Johannessen, Jostein and Stehle, Peter and Stieber, Jutta and Stöckl, Doris and Stokwiszewski, Jakub and Sundström, Johan and Suriyawongpaisal, Paibul and Tamosiunas, Abdonas and JooTan, Eng and Taylor, Anne and Tell, Grethe and Thijs, Lutgarde and Tolonen, HannaK and Topór-Madry, Roman and JoséTormo, María and Torrent, Maties and Tsugane, Shoichiro and Tuomainen, Tomi-Pekka and Tuomilehto, Jaakko and Tzourio, Christophe and Uusitalo, Hannu M T and Van Herck, Koen and Vanderschueren, Dirk and Vanuzzo, Diego and Vatten, Lars and Vega, Tomas and Veronesi, Giovanni and Vioque, Jesus and Virtanen, JyrkiK and Visvikis-Siest, Sophie and Vollenweider, Peter and Voutilainen, Sari and Vrijheid, Martine and Wagner, Aline and Wagner, Anne and Wang, Ming-Dong and Wang, Qian and XingWang, Ya and Wannamethee, S Goya and Wei, Wenbin and Whincup, Peter H and Wiecek, Andrzej and Willeit, Johann and Willeit, Peter and Wilsgaard, Tom and Wojtyniak, Bogdan and Wong, Andrew and Woodward, Mark and GiwercmanWu, Aleksander and Wu, Frederick C and Wu, Shouling and Xu, Haiquan and Xu, Liang and Yan, Weili and Yang, Xiaoguang and Ye, Xingwang and Yoshihara, Akihiro and Zambon, Sabina and Zdrojewski, Tomasz and Zhao, Dong and Zhao, Wenhua}},
  issn         = {{0300-5771}},
  journal      = {{INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY}},
  keywords     = {{Epidemiology,General Medicine,Total cholesterol,LDL cholesterol,HDL cholesterol,blood lipids,multi-country study,HIGH-DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN,CARDIOVASCULAR RISK-FACTORS,CORONARY-HEART-DISEASE,INDIVIDUAL DATA,BLOOD-PRESSURE,WORLDWIDE TRENDS,LDL CHOLESTEROL,SERUM-LIPIDS,DIETARY-FAT,METAANALYSIS}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  number       = {{1}},
  pages        = {{173--192}},
  title        = {{National trends in total cholesterol obscure heterogeneous changes in HDL and non-HDL cholesterol and total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio: a pooled analysis of 458 population-based studies in Asian and Western countries}},
  url          = {{http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyz099}},
  volume       = {{49}},
  year         = {{2020}},
}

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