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Selenomelanin : an abiotic selenium analogue of pheomelanin

Wei Cao, Naneki C. McCallum, Qing Zhe Ni, Weiyao Li, Hannah Boyce, Haochuan Mao, Xuhao Zhou, Hao Sun, Matthew P. Thompson, Claudia Battistella, et al.
(2020) JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY. 142(29). p.12802-12810
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Abstract
Melanins are a family of heterogeneous biopolymers found ubiquitously across plant, animal, bacterial, and fungal kingdoms where they act variously as pigments and as radiation protection agents. There exist five multifunctional yet structurally and biosynthetically incompletely understood varieties of melanin: eumelanin, neuromelanin, pyomelanin, allomelanin, and pheomelanin. Although eumelanin and allomelanin have been the focus of most radiation protection studies to date, some research suggests that pheomelanin has a better absorption coefficient for X-rays than eumelanin. We reasoned that if a selenium enriched melanin existed, it would be a better X-ray protector than the sulfur-containing pheomelanin because the X-ray absorption coefficient is proportional to the fourth power of the atomic number (Z). Notably, selenium is an essential micronutrient, with the amino acid selenocysteine being genetically encoded in 25 natural human proteins. Therefore, we hypothesize that selenomelanin exists in nature, where it provides superior ionizing radiation protection to organisms compared to known melanins. Here we introduce this novel selenium analogue of pheomelanin through chemical and biosynthetic routes using selenocystine as a feedstock. The resulting selenomelanin is a structural mimic of pheomelanin. We found selenomelanin effectively prevented neonatal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK) from G2/M phase arrest under high-dose X-ray irradiation. Provocatively, this beneficial role of selenomelanin points to it as a sixth variety of yet to be discovered natural melanin.
Keywords
Colloid and Surface Chemistry, Biochemistry, General Chemistry, Catalysis, MELANIN, RADIATION, EUMELANIN, NANOPARTICLES, PIGMENT, PHOTOPROTECTION, SELENOPROTEIN, POLYDOPAMINE, CHEMISTRY, INSIGHTS

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MLA
Cao, Wei, et al. “Selenomelanin : An Abiotic Selenium Analogue of Pheomelanin.” JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, vol. 142, no. 29, 2020, pp. 12802–10, doi:10.1021/jacs.0c05573.
APA
Cao, W., McCallum, N. C., Ni, Q. Z., Li, W., Boyce, H., Mao, H., … Gianneschi, N. C. (2020). Selenomelanin : an abiotic selenium analogue of pheomelanin. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, 142(29), 12802–12810. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.0c05573
Chicago author-date
Cao, Wei, Naneki C. McCallum, Qing Zhe Ni, Weiyao Li, Hannah Boyce, Haochuan Mao, Xuhao Zhou, et al. 2020. “Selenomelanin : An Abiotic Selenium Analogue of Pheomelanin.” JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 142 (29): 12802–10. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.0c05573.
Chicago author-date (all authors)
Cao, Wei, Naneki C. McCallum, Qing Zhe Ni, Weiyao Li, Hannah Boyce, Haochuan Mao, Xuhao Zhou, Hao Sun, Matthew P. Thompson, Claudia Battistella, Michael R. Wasielewski, Ali Dhinojwala, Matthew Shawkey, Michael D. Burkart, Zheng Wang, and Nathan C. Gianneschi. 2020. “Selenomelanin : An Abiotic Selenium Analogue of Pheomelanin.” JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 142 (29): 12802–12810. doi:10.1021/jacs.0c05573.
Vancouver
1.
Cao W, McCallum NC, Ni QZ, Li W, Boyce H, Mao H, et al. Selenomelanin : an abiotic selenium analogue of pheomelanin. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY. 2020;142(29):12802–10.
IEEE
[1]
W. Cao et al., “Selenomelanin : an abiotic selenium analogue of pheomelanin,” JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, vol. 142, no. 29, pp. 12802–12810, 2020.
@article{8694391,
  abstract     = {{Melanins are a family of heterogeneous biopolymers found ubiquitously across plant, animal, bacterial, and fungal kingdoms where they act variously as pigments and as radiation protection agents. There exist five multifunctional yet structurally and biosynthetically incompletely understood varieties of melanin: eumelanin, neuromelanin, pyomelanin, allomelanin, and pheomelanin. Although eumelanin and allomelanin have been the focus of most radiation protection studies to date, some research suggests that pheomelanin has a better absorption coefficient for X-rays than eumelanin. We reasoned that if a selenium enriched melanin existed, it would be a better X-ray protector than the sulfur-containing pheomelanin because the X-ray absorption coefficient is proportional to the fourth power of the atomic number (Z). Notably, selenium is an essential micronutrient, with the amino acid selenocysteine being genetically encoded in 25 natural human proteins. Therefore, we hypothesize that selenomelanin exists in nature, where it provides superior ionizing radiation protection to organisms compared to known melanins. Here we introduce this novel selenium analogue of pheomelanin through chemical and biosynthetic routes using selenocystine as a feedstock. The resulting selenomelanin is a structural mimic of pheomelanin. We found selenomelanin effectively prevented neonatal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK) from G2/M phase arrest under high-dose X-ray irradiation. Provocatively, this beneficial role of selenomelanin points to it as a sixth variety of yet to be discovered natural melanin.}},
  author       = {{Cao, Wei and McCallum, Naneki C. and Ni, Qing Zhe and Li, Weiyao and Boyce, Hannah and Mao, Haochuan and Zhou, Xuhao and Sun, Hao and Thompson, Matthew P. and Battistella, Claudia and Wasielewski, Michael R. and Dhinojwala, Ali and Shawkey, Matthew and Burkart, Michael D. and Wang, Zheng and Gianneschi, Nathan C.}},
  issn         = {{0002-7863}},
  journal      = {{JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY}},
  keywords     = {{Colloid and Surface Chemistry,Biochemistry,General Chemistry,Catalysis,MELANIN,RADIATION,EUMELANIN,NANOPARTICLES,PIGMENT,PHOTOPROTECTION,SELENOPROTEIN,POLYDOPAMINE,CHEMISTRY,INSIGHTS}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  number       = {{29}},
  pages        = {{12802--12810}},
  title        = {{Selenomelanin : an abiotic selenium analogue of pheomelanin}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.0c05573}},
  volume       = {{142}},
  year         = {{2020}},
}
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