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Spatial and temporal variations of greenhouse gas emissions from a waste stabilization pond: Effects of sludge distribution and accumulation

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Abstract
Due to regular influx of organic matter and nutrients, waste stabilization ponds (WSPs) can release considerable quantities of greenhouse gases (GHGs). To investigate the spatiotemporal variations of GHG emissions from WSPs with a focus on the effects of sludge accumulation and distribution, we conducted a bathymetry survey and two sampling campaigns in Ucubamba WSP (Cuenca, Ecuador). The results indicated that spatial variation of GHG emissions was strongly dependent on sludge distribution. Thick sludge layers in aerated ponds and facultative ponds caused substantial CO2 and CH4 emissions which accounted for 21.3% and 78.7% of the total emissions from the plant. Conversely, the prevalence of anoxic conditions stimulated the N2O consumption via complete denitrification leading to a net uptake from the atmosphere, i.e. up to 1.4 +/- 0.2 mg-N m(-2 )d(-1). Double emission rates of CO2 were found in the facultative and maturation ponds during the day compared to night-time emissions, indicating the important role of algal respiration, while no diel variation of the CH4 and N2O emissions was found. Despite the uptake of N2O, the total GHG emissions of the WSP was higher than constructed wetlands and conventional centralized wastewater treatment facilities. Hence, it is recommended that sludge management with proper desludging regulation should be included as an important mitigation measure to reduce the carbon footprint of pond treatment facilities.
Keywords
Ecological Modelling, Waste Management and Disposal, Pollution, Water Science and Technology, Greenhouse gas, Stabilization pond, Carbon dioxide, Methane, Nitrous oxide, Sludge, Spatiotemporal variation

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MLA
Ho, Long Tuan, et al. “Spatial and Temporal Variations of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from a Waste Stabilization Pond: Effects of Sludge Distribution and Accumulation.” WATER RESEARCH, vol. 193, 2021, doi:10.1016/j.watres.2021.116858.
APA
Ho, L. T., Jerves Cobo, R., Morales, O., Larriva, J., Arevalo-Durazno, M., Barthel, M., … Goethals, P. (2021). Spatial and temporal variations of greenhouse gas emissions from a waste stabilization pond: Effects of sludge distribution and accumulation. WATER RESEARCH, 193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2021.116858
Chicago author-date
Ho, Long Tuan, Rubén Jerves Cobo, Oscar Morales, Josue Larriva, Maria Arevalo-Durazno, Matti Barthel, Johan Six, Samuel Bodé, Pascal Boeckx, and Peter Goethals. 2021. “Spatial and Temporal Variations of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from a Waste Stabilization Pond: Effects of Sludge Distribution and Accumulation.” WATER RESEARCH 193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2021.116858.
Chicago author-date (all authors)
Ho, Long Tuan, Rubén Jerves Cobo, Oscar Morales, Josue Larriva, Maria Arevalo-Durazno, Matti Barthel, Johan Six, Samuel Bodé, Pascal Boeckx, and Peter Goethals. 2021. “Spatial and Temporal Variations of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from a Waste Stabilization Pond: Effects of Sludge Distribution and Accumulation.” WATER RESEARCH 193. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2021.116858.
Vancouver
1.
Ho LT, Jerves Cobo R, Morales O, Larriva J, Arevalo-Durazno M, Barthel M, et al. Spatial and temporal variations of greenhouse gas emissions from a waste stabilization pond: Effects of sludge distribution and accumulation. WATER RESEARCH. 2021;193.
IEEE
[1]
L. T. Ho et al., “Spatial and temporal variations of greenhouse gas emissions from a waste stabilization pond: Effects of sludge distribution and accumulation,” WATER RESEARCH, vol. 193, 2021.
@article{8689977,
  abstract     = {{Due to regular influx of organic matter and nutrients, waste stabilization ponds (WSPs) can release considerable quantities of greenhouse gases (GHGs). To investigate the spatiotemporal variations of GHG emissions from WSPs with a focus on the effects of sludge accumulation and distribution, we conducted a bathymetry survey and two sampling campaigns in Ucubamba WSP (Cuenca, Ecuador). The results indicated that spatial variation of GHG emissions was strongly dependent on sludge distribution. Thick sludge layers in aerated ponds and facultative ponds caused substantial CO2 and CH4 emissions which accounted for 21.3% and 78.7% of the total emissions from the plant. Conversely, the prevalence of anoxic conditions stimulated the N2O consumption via complete denitrification leading to a net uptake from the atmosphere, i.e. up to 1.4 +/- 0.2 mg-N m(-2 )d(-1). Double emission rates of CO2 were found in the facultative and maturation ponds during the day compared to night-time emissions, indicating the important role of algal respiration, while no diel variation of the CH4 and N2O emissions was found. Despite the uptake of N2O, the total GHG emissions of the WSP was higher than constructed wetlands and conventional centralized wastewater treatment facilities. Hence, it is recommended that sludge management with proper desludging regulation should be included as an important mitigation measure to reduce the carbon footprint of pond treatment facilities.}},
  articleno    = {{116858}},
  author       = {{Ho, Long Tuan and Jerves Cobo, Rubén and Morales, Oscar and Larriva, Josue and Arevalo-Durazno, Maria and Barthel, Matti and Six, Johan and Bodé, Samuel and Boeckx, Pascal and Goethals, Peter}},
  issn         = {{1879-2448}},
  journal      = {{WATER RESEARCH}},
  keywords     = {{Ecological Modelling,Waste Management and Disposal,Pollution,Water Science and Technology,Greenhouse gas,Stabilization pond,Carbon dioxide,Methane,Nitrous oxide,Sludge,Spatiotemporal variation}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  pages        = {{10}},
  title        = {{Spatial and temporal variations of greenhouse gas emissions from a waste stabilization pond: Effects of sludge distribution and accumulation}},
  url          = {{http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2021.116858}},
  volume       = {{193}},
  year         = {{2021}},
}

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