@article{8675248,
  abstract     = {{Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) comprises the vast majority of all diabetes cases in adults, with
alarmingly increasing prevalence over the past few decades worldwide. A particularly heavy healthcare burden of
diabetes is noted in Europe, where 8.8% of the population aged 20–79 years is estimated to have diabetes
according to the International Diabetes Federation. Multiple risk factors are implicated in the pathogenesis of T2DM
with complex underlying interplay and intricate gene-environment interactions. Thus, intense research has been
focused on studying the role of T2DM risk factors and on identifying vulnerable groups for T2DM in the general
population which can then be targeted for prevention interventions.

Methods: For this narrative review, we conducted a comprehensive search of the existing literature on T2DM risk
factors, focusing on studies in adult cohorts from European countries which were published in English after January
2000.

Results: Multiple lifestyle-related and sociodemographic factors were identified as related to high T2DM risk, including
age, ethnicity, family history, low socioeconomic status, obesity, metabolic syndrome and each of its components, as
well as certain unhealthy lifestyle behaviors. As Europe has an increasingly aging population, multiple migrant and
ethnic minority groups and significant socioeconomic diversity both within and across different countries, this review
focuses not only on modifiable T2DM risk factors, but also on the impact of pertinent demographic and
socioeconomic factors.

Conclusion: In addition to other T2DM risk factors, low socioeconomic status can significantly increase the risk for
prediabetes and T2DM, but is often overlooked. In multinational and multicultural regions such as Europe, a holistic
approach, which will take into account both traditional and socioeconomic/socioecological factors, is becoming
increasingly crucial in order to implement multidimensional public health programs and integrated community-based
interventions for effective T2DM prevention.}},
  articleno    = {{134}},
  author       = {{Kyrou, Ioannis and on behalf of the Feel4Diabetes-study Group, [missing] and Tsigos, Constantine and Mavrogianni, Christina and Cardon, Greet and Van Stappen, Vicky and Latomme, Julie and Kivelä, Jemina and Wikström, Katja and Tsochev, Kaloyan and Nanasi, Anna and Semanova, Csilla and Mateo-Gallego, Rocío and Lamiquiz-Moneo, Itziar and Dafoulas, George and Timpel, Patrick and Schwarz, Peter E. H. and Iotova, Violeta and Tankova, Tsvetalina and Makrilakis, Konstantinos and Manios, Yannis}},
  issn         = {{1472-6823}},
  journal      = {{BMC ENDOCRINE DISORDERS}},
  keywords     = {{Physical activity & health,Endocrinology,Diabetes and Metabolism,General Medicine,Type 2 diabetes,Risk factors,Socioeconomic status,Obesity,Lifestyle,Diet,Ethnicity,BODY-MASS INDEX,SOCIOECONOMIC-STATUS,MEDITERRANEAN DIET,FAMILY-HISTORY,CARDIOMETABOLIC RISK,WAIST CIRCUMFERENCE,CARDIOVASCULAR RISK,INSULIN-RESISTANCE,PHYSICAL-ACTIVITY,FAT DISTRIBUTION}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  number       = {{Supplement 1}},
  pages        = {{13}},
  title        = {{Sociodemographic and lifestyle-related risk factors for identifying vulnerable groups for type 2 diabetes : a narrative review with emphasis on data from Europe}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.1186/s12902-019-0463-3}},
  volume       = {{20}},
  year         = {{2020}},
}

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