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Comparison of four mobile, non-invasive diagnostic techniques for differentiating glass types in historical leaded windows : MA-XRF, UV-Vis-NIR, Raman spectroscopy and IRT

Simone Cagno, Geert Van der Snickt (UGent) , Stijn Legrand, Joost Caen, Mathilde Patin, Wendy Meulebroeck, Yarince Dirkx, Michaël Hillen, Gunther Steenackers, Anastasia Rousaki (UGent) , et al.
(2021) X-RAY SPECTROMETRY. 50(4). p.293-309
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Abstract
This paper critically compares the performance of four non-invasive techniques that match the accuracy, flexibility, time-efficiency, and transportability required for in situ characterization of leaded glass windows: macroscopic X-ray fluorescence imaging (MA-XRF), UV-Vis-NIR, Raman spectroscopy, and infrared thermography (IRT). In order to compare the techniques on equal grounds, all techniques were tested independently of each other by separate research groups on the same historical leaded window tentatively dated to the 17th century, without prior knowledge. The aim was to assess the ability of these techniques to document the conservation history of the window by classifying and grouping the colorless glass panes, based on differences in composition. IRT, MA-XRF and UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopy positively distinguished at least two glass groups, with MA-XRF providing the most detailed chemical information. In particular, based on the ratio between the network modifier (K) and network stabilizer (Ca) and on the level of colorants and decolorizers (Fe, Mn, As), the number of plausible glass families could be strongly reduced. In addition, UV-Vis-NIR detected cobalt at ppm level and gave more specific information on the chromophore Fe2+/Fe(3+)ratio. Raman spectroscopy was hampered by fluorescence caused by the metal ions of the decolorizer in most of the panes, but nevertheless identified one group as HLLA.
Keywords
Spectroscopy, STAINED-GLASS, RAMAN IDENTIFICATION, WINDOW GLASS, THERMOGRAPHY, CONSERVATION, ARTIFACTS, JEWELRY, XANES, STATE, TOOL

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MLA
Cagno, Simone, et al. “Comparison of Four Mobile, Non-Invasive Diagnostic Techniques for Differentiating Glass Types in Historical Leaded Windows : MA-XRF, UV-Vis-NIR, Raman Spectroscopy and IRT.” X-RAY SPECTROMETRY, vol. 50, no. 4, 2021, pp. 293–309, doi:10.1002/xrs.3185.
APA
Cagno, S., Van der Snickt, G., Legrand, S., Caen, J., Patin, M., Meulebroeck, W., … Janssens, K. (2021). Comparison of four mobile, non-invasive diagnostic techniques for differentiating glass types in historical leaded windows : MA-XRF, UV-Vis-NIR, Raman spectroscopy and IRT. X-RAY SPECTROMETRY, 50(4), 293–309. https://doi.org/10.1002/xrs.3185
Chicago author-date
Cagno, Simone, Geert Van der Snickt, Stijn Legrand, Joost Caen, Mathilde Patin, Wendy Meulebroeck, Yarince Dirkx, et al. 2021. “Comparison of Four Mobile, Non-Invasive Diagnostic Techniques for Differentiating Glass Types in Historical Leaded Windows : MA-XRF, UV-Vis-NIR, Raman Spectroscopy and IRT.” X-RAY SPECTROMETRY 50 (4): 293–309. https://doi.org/10.1002/xrs.3185.
Chicago author-date (all authors)
Cagno, Simone, Geert Van der Snickt, Stijn Legrand, Joost Caen, Mathilde Patin, Wendy Meulebroeck, Yarince Dirkx, Michaël Hillen, Gunther Steenackers, Anastasia Rousaki, Peter Vandenabeele, and Koen Janssens. 2021. “Comparison of Four Mobile, Non-Invasive Diagnostic Techniques for Differentiating Glass Types in Historical Leaded Windows : MA-XRF, UV-Vis-NIR, Raman Spectroscopy and IRT.” X-RAY SPECTROMETRY 50 (4): 293–309. doi:10.1002/xrs.3185.
Vancouver
1.
Cagno S, Van der Snickt G, Legrand S, Caen J, Patin M, Meulebroeck W, et al. Comparison of four mobile, non-invasive diagnostic techniques for differentiating glass types in historical leaded windows : MA-XRF, UV-Vis-NIR, Raman spectroscopy and IRT. X-RAY SPECTROMETRY. 2021;50(4):293–309.
IEEE
[1]
S. Cagno et al., “Comparison of four mobile, non-invasive diagnostic techniques for differentiating glass types in historical leaded windows : MA-XRF, UV-Vis-NIR, Raman spectroscopy and IRT,” X-RAY SPECTROMETRY, vol. 50, no. 4, pp. 293–309, 2021.
@article{8674867,
  abstract     = {{This paper critically compares the performance of four non-invasive techniques that match the accuracy, flexibility, time-efficiency, and transportability required for in situ characterization of leaded glass windows: macroscopic X-ray fluorescence imaging (MA-XRF), UV-Vis-NIR, Raman spectroscopy, and infrared thermography (IRT). In order to compare the techniques on equal grounds, all techniques were tested independently of each other by separate research groups on the same historical leaded window tentatively dated to the 17th century, without prior knowledge. The aim was to assess the ability of these techniques to document the conservation history of the window by classifying and grouping the colorless glass panes, based on differences in composition. IRT, MA-XRF and UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopy positively distinguished at least two glass groups, with MA-XRF providing the most detailed chemical information. In particular, based on the ratio between the network modifier (K) and network stabilizer (Ca) and on the level of colorants and decolorizers (Fe, Mn, As), the number of plausible glass families could be strongly reduced. In addition, UV-Vis-NIR detected cobalt at ppm level and gave more specific information on the chromophore Fe2+/Fe(3+)ratio. Raman spectroscopy was hampered by fluorescence caused by the metal ions of the decolorizer in most of the panes, but nevertheless identified one group as HLLA.}},
  author       = {{Cagno, Simone and Van der Snickt, Geert and Legrand, Stijn and Caen, Joost and Patin, Mathilde and Meulebroeck, Wendy and Dirkx, Yarince and Hillen, Michaël and Steenackers, Gunther and Rousaki, Anastasia and Vandenabeele, Peter and Janssens, Koen}},
  issn         = {{0049-8246}},
  journal      = {{X-RAY SPECTROMETRY}},
  keywords     = {{Spectroscopy,STAINED-GLASS,RAMAN IDENTIFICATION,WINDOW GLASS,THERMOGRAPHY,CONSERVATION,ARTIFACTS,JEWELRY,XANES,STATE,TOOL}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  number       = {{4}},
  pages        = {{293--309}},
  title        = {{Comparison of four mobile, non-invasive diagnostic techniques for differentiating glass types in historical leaded windows : MA-XRF, UV-Vis-NIR, Raman spectroscopy and IRT}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.1002/xrs.3185}},
  volume       = {{50}},
  year         = {{2021}},
}
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