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Synchrotron X-ray diffraction investigation of the surface condition of artefacts from King Henry VIII's warship the Mary Rose

Mark Dowsett (UGent) , Pieter-Jan Sabbe (UGent) , Jorge Alves Anjos (UGent) , Eleanor J. Schofield, David Walker, Pam Thomas, Steven York, Simon Brown, Didier Wermeille and Mieke Adriaens (UGent)
(2020) JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION. 27(3). p.653-663
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Abstract
Synchrotron X-ray diffraction (XRD) measured on the XMaS beamline at the ESRF was used to characterize the alloy composition and crystalline surface corrosion of three copper alloy Tudor artefacts recovered from the undersea wreck of King Henry VIII's warship the Mary Rose. The XRD method adopted has a dynamic range similar to 1:10(5) and allows reflections <0.002% of the height of major reflections in the pattern to be discerned above the background without smoothing. Laboratory XRD, scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy, synchrotron X-ray fluorescence and X-ray excited optical luminescence-X-ray near-edge absorption structure were used as supporting techniques, and the combination revealed structural and compositional features of importance to both archaeology and conservation. The artefacts were brass links believed to be fragments of chainmail and were excavated from the seabed during 1981 and 1982. Their condition reflects very different treatment just after recovery, viz. complete cleaning and conservation, chemical corrosion inhibition and chloride removal only, and distilled water soaking only (to remove the chlorides). The brass composition has been determined for all three at least in the top 7 mu m or so as Cu(73%)Zn(27%) from the lattice constant. Measurement of the peak widths showed significant differences in the crystallite size and microstrain between the three samples. All of the links are found to be almost chloride-free with the main corrosion products being spertiniite, sphalerite, zincite, covellite and chalcocite. The balance of corrosion products between the links reflects the conservation treatment applied to one and points to different corrosion environments for the other two.
Keywords
Cultural Heritage, SR-XRD, Corrosion, Brass, Conservation, Marine Archaeology, SCATTERING, BRASS

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Citation

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MLA
Dowsett, Mark, et al. “Synchrotron X-Ray Diffraction Investigation of the Surface Condition of Artefacts from King Henry VIII’s Warship the Mary Rose.” JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION, vol. 27, no. 3, 2020, pp. 653–63, doi:10.1107/s1600577520001812.
APA
Dowsett, M., Sabbe, P.-J., Alves Anjos, J., Schofield, E. J., Walker, D., Thomas, P., … Adriaens, M. (2020). Synchrotron X-ray diffraction investigation of the surface condition of artefacts from King Henry VIII’s warship the Mary Rose. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION, 27(3), 653–663. https://doi.org/10.1107/s1600577520001812
Chicago author-date
Dowsett, Mark, Pieter-Jan Sabbe, Jorge Alves Anjos, Eleanor J. Schofield, David Walker, Pam Thomas, Steven York, Simon Brown, Didier Wermeille, and Mieke Adriaens. 2020. “Synchrotron X-Ray Diffraction Investigation of the Surface Condition of Artefacts from King Henry VIII’s Warship the Mary Rose.” JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 27 (3): 653–63. https://doi.org/10.1107/s1600577520001812.
Chicago author-date (all authors)
Dowsett, Mark, Pieter-Jan Sabbe, Jorge Alves Anjos, Eleanor J. Schofield, David Walker, Pam Thomas, Steven York, Simon Brown, Didier Wermeille, and Mieke Adriaens. 2020. “Synchrotron X-Ray Diffraction Investigation of the Surface Condition of Artefacts from King Henry VIII’s Warship the Mary Rose.” JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 27 (3): 653–663. doi:10.1107/s1600577520001812.
Vancouver
1.
Dowsett M, Sabbe P-J, Alves Anjos J, Schofield EJ, Walker D, Thomas P, et al. Synchrotron X-ray diffraction investigation of the surface condition of artefacts from King Henry VIII’s warship the Mary Rose. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION. 2020;27(3):653–63.
IEEE
[1]
M. Dowsett et al., “Synchrotron X-ray diffraction investigation of the surface condition of artefacts from King Henry VIII’s warship the Mary Rose,” JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 653–663, 2020.
@article{8660366,
  abstract     = {{Synchrotron X-ray diffraction (XRD) measured on the XMaS beamline at the ESRF was used to characterize the alloy composition and crystalline surface corrosion of three copper alloy Tudor artefacts recovered from the undersea wreck of King Henry VIII's warship the Mary Rose. The XRD method adopted has a dynamic range similar to 1:10(5) and allows reflections <0.002% of the height of major reflections in the pattern to be discerned above the background without smoothing. Laboratory XRD, scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy, synchrotron X-ray fluorescence and X-ray excited optical luminescence-X-ray near-edge absorption structure were used as supporting techniques, and the combination revealed structural and compositional features of importance to both archaeology and conservation. The artefacts were brass links believed to be fragments of chainmail and were excavated from the seabed during 1981 and 1982. Their condition reflects very different treatment just after recovery, viz. complete cleaning and conservation, chemical corrosion inhibition and chloride removal only, and distilled water soaking only (to remove the chlorides). The brass composition has been determined for all three at least in the top 7 mu m or so as Cu(73%)Zn(27%) from the lattice constant. Measurement of the peak widths showed significant differences in the crystallite size and microstrain between the three samples. All of the links are found to be almost chloride-free with the main corrosion products being spertiniite, sphalerite, zincite, covellite and chalcocite. The balance of corrosion products between the links reflects the conservation treatment applied to one and points to different corrosion environments for the other two.}},
  author       = {{Dowsett, Mark and Sabbe, Pieter-Jan and Alves Anjos, Jorge and Schofield, Eleanor J. and Walker, David and Thomas, Pam and York, Steven and Brown, Simon and Wermeille, Didier and Adriaens, Mieke}},
  issn         = {{0909-0495}},
  journal      = {{JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION}},
  keywords     = {{Cultural Heritage,SR-XRD,Corrosion,Brass,Conservation,Marine Archaeology,SCATTERING,BRASS}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  number       = {{3}},
  pages        = {{653--663}},
  title        = {{Synchrotron X-ray diffraction investigation of the surface condition of artefacts from King Henry VIII's warship the Mary Rose}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.1107/s1600577520001812}},
  volume       = {{27}},
  year         = {{2020}},
}
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