@article{8656650,
  abstract     = {{Pyflubumide is a novel selective carboxanilide acaricide that inhibits mitochondrial complex II of spider mite species such as Tetranychus urticae. We explored the baseline toxicity and potential cross-resistance risk of pyflubumide in a reference panel of T. urticae strains resistant to various acaricides with different modes of action. A cyenopyrafen-resistant strain (JPR) was identified as the only strain with low-to-moderate level of cross-resistance to pyflubumide (LC50 = 49.07 mg/L). In a resistance risk assessment approach, JPR was subsequently selected which led to two highly resistant strains JPR-R1 (RR = 466.7) and JPR-R2 (RR = 614.8). Interestingly, compared to adult females, resistance was much less pronounced in adult males and eggs of the two JPR-R strains. In order to elucidate resistance mechanisms, we first sequenced the complex II subunits in susceptible and resistant strains, but target-site insensitivity could not be detected. In contrast, synergism/antagonism experiments strongly suggested that cytochrome P450 monooxygenases are involved in pyflubumide resistance. We therefore conducted genome-wide gene expression experiments to investigate constitutive and induced expression patterns and documented the overexpression of five cytochrome P450 and four carboxyl/choline esterase genes in the JPR-R strains after pyflubumide exposure. Together, we provide a first resistance risk assessment of a novel complex II inhibitor and provide first evidence for metabolic resistance mediated by cytochrome P450s in T. urticae.}},
  author       = {{Fotoukkiaii, Seyedeh Masoumeh and Mermans, Catherine and Wybouw, Nicky and Van Leeuwen, Thomas}},
  issn         = {{1612-4758}},
  journal      = {{JOURNAL OF PEST SCIENCE}},
  keywords     = {{Pyflubumide,Pesticide selection,Complex II,Cytochrome P450,Cross-resistance,Cyenopyrafen,CROSS-RESISTANCE,KOCH ACARI,DOSAGE-COMPENSATION,MOLECULAR ANALYSIS,EVOLUTION,MODE,CYENOPYRAFEN,INHERITANCE,MECHANISMS,SUSCEPTIBILITY}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  number       = {{3}},
  pages        = {{1085--1096}},
  title        = {{Resistance risk assessment of the novel complex II inhibitor pyflubumide in the polyphagous pest Tetranychus urticae}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.1007/s10340-020-01213-x}},
  volume       = {{93}},
  year         = {{2020}},
}

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