@article{8653338,
  abstract     = {In species with chromosomal sex determination, X chromosomes are predicted to evolve faster than autosomes because of positive selection on recessive alleles or weak purifying selection. We investigated X chromosome evolution in Stegodyphus spiders that differ in mating system, sex ratio, and population dynamics. We assigned scaffolds to X chromosomes and autosomes using a novel method based on flow cytometry of sperm cells and reduced representation sequencing. We estimated coding substitution patterns (dN/dS) in a subsocial outcrossing species (S. africanus) and its social inbreeding and female-biased sister species (S. mimosarum), and found evidence for faster-X evolution in both species. X chromosome-to-autosome diversity (piX/piA) ratios were estimated in multiple populations. The average piX/ piA estimates of S. africanus (0.57 [95% CI: 0.55-0.60]) was lower than the neutral expectation of 0.75, consistent with more hitchhiking events on X-linked loci and/or a lower X chromosome mutation rate, and we provide evidence in support of both. The social species S. mimosarum has a significantly higher piX/piA ratio (0.72 [95% CI: 0.65-0.79]) in agreement with its female-biased sex ratio. Stegodyphus mimosarum also have different piX/piA estimates among populations, which we interpret as evidence for recurrent founder events. Simulations show that recurrent founder events are expected to decrease the piX/piA estimates in S. mimosarum, thus underestimating the true effect of female-biased sex ratios. Finally, we found lower synonymous divergence on X chromosomes in both species, and the male-tofemale substitution ratio to be higher than 1, indicating a higher mutation rate in males.},
  author       = {Bechsgaard, Jesper and Schou, Mads Fristrup and Vanthournout, Bram and Hendrickx, Frederik and Knudsen, Bjarne and Settepani, Virginia and Schierup, Mikkel Heide and Bilde, Trine},
  editor       = {Larracuente, Amanda},
  issn         = {0737-4038},
  journal      = {MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND EVOLUTION},
  keywords     = {Genetics,Ecology,Evolution,Behavior and Systematics,Molecular Biology,sex chromosome,social spider,faster-X,female bias,ADAPTIVE PROTEIN EVOLUTION,EFFECTIVE POPULATION-SIZE,MOLECULAR EVOLUTION,SEX-CHROMOSOMES,SOCIAL SPIDER,DELETERIOUS MUTATIONS,PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS,PURIFYING SELECTION,GENETIC DIVERSITY,DROSOPHILA},
  language     = {eng},
  number       = {6},
  pages        = {1281--1293},
  title        = {Evidence for faster X chromosome evolution in spiders},
  url          = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msz074},
  volume       = {36},
  year         = {2019},
}

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