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The earliest iron-producing communities in the Lower Congo region of Central Africa : new insights from the Bu, Kindu and Mantsetsi sites

Bernard-Olivier Clist (UGent) , Wannes Hubau (UGent) , John Tshibamba Mukendi, Hans Beeckman and Koen Bostoen (UGent)
(2019) AZANIA-ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN AFRICA. 54(2). p.221-244
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  • BANTUFIRST (The First Bantu Speakers South of the Rainforest: A Cross-Disciplinary Approach to Human Migration, Language Spread, Climate Change and Early Farming in Late Holocene Central Africa)
Abstract
In 2015 the KongoKing research project team excavated the Bu, Kindu and Mantsetsi sites situated in the Kongo-Central Province of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). All are part of the Kay Ladio Group. This is the first detailed publication on this cultural group, to which no contemporary ones can currently be linked, either from the Atlantic coast of Congo-Brazzaville or from along the Congo River and its tributaries upstream of Kinshasa. Dated to between cal. AD 30 and 475, these settlements mark the presence of what are so far the oldest known iron-producing communities south of the Central African equatorial forest. Evidence for metallurgy is associated with remants of polished stone axes, which were perhaps being used for ritual purposes by this point in time. The charcoal remains found at the sites indicate a savanna environment that was more wooded in Kindu and Mantsetsi than in Bu.
Keywords
Kay Ladio, Early Iron Age, Central Africa, Democratic Republic of Congo, ceramology, archaeobotany, anthracology, palaeoenvironment, palaeoeconomy, PEARL-MILLET, AGE SITE, METALLURGY, EXPANSION, CBCE

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Citation

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MLA
Clist, Bernard-Olivier, et al. “The Earliest Iron-Producing Communities in the Lower Congo Region of Central Africa : New Insights from the Bu, Kindu and Mantsetsi Sites.” AZANIA-ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN AFRICA, vol. 54, no. 2, 2019, pp. 221–44, doi:10.1080/0067270X.2019.1619282.
APA
Clist, B.-O., Hubau, W., Tshibamba Mukendi, J., Beeckman, H., & Bostoen, K. (2019). The earliest iron-producing communities in the Lower Congo region of Central Africa : new insights from the Bu, Kindu and Mantsetsi sites. AZANIA-ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN AFRICA, 54(2), 221–244. https://doi.org/10.1080/0067270X.2019.1619282
Chicago author-date
Clist, Bernard-Olivier, Wannes Hubau, John Tshibamba Mukendi, Hans Beeckman, and Koen Bostoen. 2019. “The Earliest Iron-Producing Communities in the Lower Congo Region of Central Africa : New Insights from the Bu, Kindu and Mantsetsi Sites.” AZANIA-ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN AFRICA 54 (2): 221–44. https://doi.org/10.1080/0067270X.2019.1619282.
Chicago author-date (all authors)
Clist, Bernard-Olivier, Wannes Hubau, John Tshibamba Mukendi, Hans Beeckman, and Koen Bostoen. 2019. “The Earliest Iron-Producing Communities in the Lower Congo Region of Central Africa : New Insights from the Bu, Kindu and Mantsetsi Sites.” AZANIA-ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN AFRICA 54 (2): 221–244. doi:10.1080/0067270X.2019.1619282.
Vancouver
1.
Clist B-O, Hubau W, Tshibamba Mukendi J, Beeckman H, Bostoen K. The earliest iron-producing communities in the Lower Congo region of Central Africa : new insights from the Bu, Kindu and Mantsetsi sites. AZANIA-ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN AFRICA. 2019;54(2):221–44.
IEEE
[1]
B.-O. Clist, W. Hubau, J. Tshibamba Mukendi, H. Beeckman, and K. Bostoen, “The earliest iron-producing communities in the Lower Congo region of Central Africa : new insights from the Bu, Kindu and Mantsetsi sites,” AZANIA-ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN AFRICA, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 221–244, 2019.
@article{8623748,
  abstract     = {{In 2015 the KongoKing research project team excavated the Bu, Kindu and Mantsetsi sites situated in the Kongo-Central Province of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). All are part of the Kay Ladio Group. This is the first detailed publication on this cultural group, to which no contemporary ones can currently be linked, either from the Atlantic coast of Congo-Brazzaville or from along the Congo River and its tributaries upstream of Kinshasa. Dated to between cal. AD 30 and 475, these settlements mark the presence of what are so far the oldest known iron-producing communities south of the Central African equatorial forest. Evidence for metallurgy is associated with remants of polished stone axes, which were perhaps being used for ritual purposes by this point in time. The charcoal remains found at the sites indicate a savanna environment that was more wooded in Kindu and Mantsetsi than in Bu.}},
  author       = {{Clist, Bernard-Olivier and Hubau, Wannes and Tshibamba Mukendi, John and Beeckman, Hans and Bostoen, Koen}},
  issn         = {{0067-270X}},
  journal      = {{AZANIA-ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN AFRICA}},
  keywords     = {{Kay Ladio,Early Iron Age,Central Africa,Democratic Republic of Congo,ceramology,archaeobotany,anthracology,palaeoenvironment,palaeoeconomy,PEARL-MILLET,AGE SITE,METALLURGY,EXPANSION,CBCE}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  number       = {{2}},
  pages        = {{221--244}},
  title        = {{The earliest iron-producing communities in the Lower Congo region of Central Africa : new insights from the Bu, Kindu and Mantsetsi sites}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.1080/0067270X.2019.1619282}},
  volume       = {{54}},
  year         = {{2019}},
}
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