@article{8616008,
  abstract     = {{Study Design: Validation of a translated, culturally adapted questionnaire.
Objective: To translate the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) version 2.1a into Hausa Language and to validate its use in a cohort of patients with low back pain (LBP).
Summary of Background Data: The ODI is one of the most commonly used condition-specific questionnaires for assessing functional disability in patients with LBP, yet, no formal cross-culturally adapted and validated Hausa version exists.
Methods: The Hausa version of the ODI 2.1a (ODI-H) was developed according to established guidelines. Validation was performed among 200 patients with LBP recruited from both rural and urban Nigeria. Reliability was assessed using internal consistency (Cronbach alpha), test-retest reliability by computing intraclass correlation coefficient, standard error of measurement, and minimal detectable change. Convergent validity was assessed by correlating the ODI-H with Visual Analogue Scale for pain, Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire, and finger-floor distance test. Divergent validity was assessed by correlating the ODI-H with age, educational level, and occupational status. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis were also performed. Confirmatory factor analysis was performed with three models: 1) one-factor theory-driven model, 2) two-factor theory-driven model (dynamic and static factors), and 3) a model based on our EFA.
Results: The ODI-H had high internal consistency (Cronbach alpha = 0.87) and excellent test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.937) with standard error of measurement and minimal detectable change being 3.69 and 10.2 respectively. The construct validity (convergent and divergent validity) is supported as all (6:6, 100%) the a priori hypotheses were confirmed. The EFA yielded a two-factor model explaining 54.3% of the total variance but demonstrated poor fit. The one-factor and two-factor theory-driven model had acceptable fit but the one-factor theory-driven model was better.
Conclusion: The ODI-H version 2.1a was transculturally equivalent, reliable, and valid tool for assessing functional disability among Hausa-speaking patients with LBP. The use of this tool can be recommended for future clinical and research purposes.}},
  author       = {{Adamu, Aisha S and Ibrahim, Aminu A and Ahmad, Rufa’i Y and Akindele, Mukadas O and Kaka, Bashir and Mukhtar, Naziru Bashir}},
  issn         = {{0362-2436}},
  journal      = {{SPINE}},
  keywords     = {{cross-cultural adaptation,functional disability,Hausa,low back pain,Oswestry disability index,reliability,validity,FEAR-AVOIDANCE BELIEFS,TEST-RETEST RELIABILITY,FUNCTIONAL STATUS,CHINESE VERSION,GERMAN VERSION,PART 1,QUESTIONNAIRE,VALIDITY,SCALE,LANGUAGE}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  number       = {{18}},
  pages        = {{E1092--E1102}},
  title        = {{Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Hausa version of the Oswestry Disability Index 2.1a for patients with low back pain}},
  url          = {{http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/brs.0000000000003068}},
  volume       = {{44}},
  year         = {{2019}},
}

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