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A pilot study of behavioral, physiological, and subjective responses to varying mental effort requirements in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Gabry W. Mies, Pieter Moors, Edmund J. Sonuga-Barke, Saskia van der Oord, Roeljan Wiersema (UGent) , Anouk Scheres, Jurgen Lemiere and Marina Danckaerts
(2019) FRONTIERS IN PSYCHOLOGY. 9.
Author
Organization
Abstract
Background: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is presumed to involve mental effort application difficulties. To test this assumption, we manipulated task difficulty and measured behavioral, as well as subjective and psychophysiological indices of effort. Methods: Fifteen adolescent ADHD boys and 16 controls performed two tasks. First, subjective estimates and behavioral and pupillary measures of effort were recorded across five levels of N-back task difficulties. Second, effort discounting was assessed. In the latter, participants made repeated choices between performing a difficult N-back task for a high reward versus an easier N-back task for a smaller reward. Results: Increasing task difficulty led to similar deteriorations in performance for both groups - although ADHD participants performed more poorly at all difficulty levels than controls. While ADHD and control participants rated the tasks equally difficult and discounted effort similarly, those with ADHD displayed slightly different pupil dilation patterns with increasing task difficulty. Conclusion: The behavioral results did not provide evidence for mental effort problems in adolescent boys with ADHD. The subtle physiological effects, however, suggest that adolescents with ADHD may allocate effort in a different way than controls.
Keywords
WORKING-MEMORY, EVENT-RATE, STATE-REGULATION, DECISION-MAKING, ADULT, ADHD, CHILDREN, TASK, PERFORMANCE, MOTIVATION, REWARDS, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, mental effort, pupil dilation, working memory, N-back task, effort discounting

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MLA
Mies, Gabry W., et al. “A Pilot Study of Behavioral, Physiological, and Subjective Responses to Varying Mental Effort Requirements in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.” FRONTIERS IN PSYCHOLOGY, vol. 9, Frontiers Media Sa, 2019, doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02769.
APA
Mies, G. W., Moors, P., Sonuga-Barke, E. J., van der Oord, S., Wiersema, R., Scheres, A., … Danckaerts, M. (2019). A pilot study of behavioral, physiological, and subjective responses to varying mental effort requirements in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. FRONTIERS IN PSYCHOLOGY, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02769
Chicago author-date
Mies, Gabry W., Pieter Moors, Edmund J. Sonuga-Barke, Saskia van der Oord, Roeljan Wiersema, Anouk Scheres, Jurgen Lemiere, and Marina Danckaerts. 2019. “A Pilot Study of Behavioral, Physiological, and Subjective Responses to Varying Mental Effort Requirements in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.” FRONTIERS IN PSYCHOLOGY 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02769.
Chicago author-date (all authors)
Mies, Gabry W., Pieter Moors, Edmund J. Sonuga-Barke, Saskia van der Oord, Roeljan Wiersema, Anouk Scheres, Jurgen Lemiere, and Marina Danckaerts. 2019. “A Pilot Study of Behavioral, Physiological, and Subjective Responses to Varying Mental Effort Requirements in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.” FRONTIERS IN PSYCHOLOGY 9. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02769.
Vancouver
1.
Mies GW, Moors P, Sonuga-Barke EJ, van der Oord S, Wiersema R, Scheres A, et al. A pilot study of behavioral, physiological, and subjective responses to varying mental effort requirements in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. FRONTIERS IN PSYCHOLOGY. 2019;9.
IEEE
[1]
G. W. Mies et al., “A pilot study of behavioral, physiological, and subjective responses to varying mental effort requirements in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder,” FRONTIERS IN PSYCHOLOGY, vol. 9, 2019.
@article{8591395,
  abstract     = {{Background: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is presumed to involve mental effort application difficulties. To test this assumption, we manipulated task difficulty and measured behavioral, as well as subjective and psychophysiological indices of effort. Methods: Fifteen adolescent ADHD boys and 16 controls performed two tasks. First, subjective estimates and behavioral and pupillary measures of effort were recorded across five levels of N-back task difficulties. Second, effort discounting was assessed. In the latter, participants made repeated choices between performing a difficult N-back task for a high reward versus an easier N-back task for a smaller reward. Results: Increasing task difficulty led to similar deteriorations in performance for both groups - although ADHD participants performed more poorly at all difficulty levels than controls. While ADHD and control participants rated the tasks equally difficult and discounted effort similarly, those with ADHD displayed slightly different pupil dilation patterns with increasing task difficulty. Conclusion: The behavioral results did not provide evidence for mental effort problems in adolescent boys with ADHD. The subtle physiological effects, however, suggest that adolescents with ADHD may allocate effort in a different way than controls.}},
  articleno    = {{2769}},
  author       = {{Mies, Gabry W. and Moors, Pieter and Sonuga-Barke, Edmund J. and van der Oord, Saskia and Wiersema, Roeljan and Scheres, Anouk and Lemiere, Jurgen and Danckaerts, Marina}},
  issn         = {{1664-1078}},
  journal      = {{FRONTIERS IN PSYCHOLOGY}},
  keywords     = {{WORKING-MEMORY,EVENT-RATE,STATE-REGULATION,DECISION-MAKING,ADULT,ADHD,CHILDREN,TASK,PERFORMANCE,MOTIVATION,REWARDS,attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder,mental effort,pupil dilation,working memory,N-back task,effort discounting}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  pages        = {{13}},
  publisher    = {{Frontiers Media Sa}},
  title        = {{A pilot study of behavioral, physiological, and subjective responses to varying mental effort requirements in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02769}},
  volume       = {{9}},
  year         = {{2019}},
}
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