@article{8570873,
  abstract     = {In-body antennas couple strongly to surrounding biological tissues, thus, resulting in radiation efficiencies well below 1%. Here, we quantify how the permittivity and conductivity, each individually, affect the radiation efficiency of miniature implantable and ingestible antennas. We use a generic pill-sized capsule antenna and a spherical homogeneous phantom with its electromagnetic properties covering the complete range of body tissues. In addition to the phantom surrounded by air, we study the case with a reduced phantom-background contrast (nonresonant case) that allows for decoupling of the obtained results from the phantom shape. The results demonstrate that, for a realistic capsule antenna, the effect of dielectric loading by tissue can partially compensate for the tissue losses. For instance, the gain of the antenna operating in the muscle-equivalent medium is about two times (3 dBi) higher than in the fat-equivalent one, even though the conductivity of muscle is one order of magnitude higher than the one of fat. The results suggest that, in the majority of cases, in-body devices should be designed for and be placed within higher-permittivity tissues with low to moderate losses.},
  author       = {Nikolayev, Denys and Zhadobov, Maxim and Sauleau, Ronan},
  issn         = {1536-1225},
  journal      = {IEEE ANTENNAS AND WIRELESS PROPAGATION LETTERS},
  keywords     = {FREQUENCY,GHZ,Biomedical telemetry,implantable,in-body,ingestible,Industrial,Scientific,Medical band},
  language     = {eng},
  number       = {8},
  pages        = {1440--1444},
  publisher    = {Ieee-inst Electrical Electronics Engineers Inc},
  title        = {Impact of tissue electromagnetic properties on radiation performance of in-body antennas},
  url          = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/LAWP.2018.2848943},
  volume       = {17},
  year         = {2018},
}

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