@article{8570096,
  abstract     = {{Nomenclatural type definitions are one of the most important concepts in biological nomenclature. Being physical objects that can be re-studied by other researchers, types permanently link taxonomy (an artificial agreement to classify biological diversity) with nomenclature (an artificial agreement to name biological diversity). Two proposals to amend the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN), allowing DNA sequences alone (of any region and extent) to serve as types of taxon names for voucherless fungi (mainly putative taxa from environmental DNA sequences), have been submitted to be voted on at the 11th International Mycological Congress (Puerto Rico, July 2018). We consider various genetic processes affecting the distribution of alleles among taxa and find that alleles may not consistently and uniquely represent the species within which they are contained. Should the proposals be accepted, the meaning of nomenclatural types would change in a fundamental way from physical objects as sources of data to the data themselves. Such changes are conducive to irreproducible science, the potential typification on artefactual data, and massive creation of names with low information content, ultimately causing nomenclatural instability and unnecessary work for future researchers that would stall future explorations of fungal diversity. We conclude that the acceptance of DNA sequences alone as types of names of taxa, under the terms used in the current proposals, is unnecessary and would not solve the problem of naming putative taxa known only from DNA sequences in a scientifically defensible way. As an alternative, we highlight the use of formulas for naming putative taxa (candidate taxa) that do not require any modification of the ICN.}},
  author       = {{Zamora, Juan Carlos and Svensson, Mans and Kirschner, Roland and Olariaga, Ibai and Ryman, Svengunnar and Alberto Parra, Luis and Geml, Jozsef and Rosling, Anna and Adamcik, Slavomir and Ahti, Teuvo and Aime, M. Catherine and Ainsworth, A. Martyn and Albert, Laszlo and Alberto, Edgardo and Garcia, Alberto Altes and Ageev, Dmitry and Agerer, Reinhard and Aguirre-Hudson, Begona and Ammirati, Joe and Andersson, Harry and Angelini, Claudio and Antonin, Vladimir and Aoki, Takayuki and Aptroot, Andre and Argaud, Didier and Sosa, Blanca Imelda Arguello and Aronsen, Arne and Arup, Ulf and Asgari, Bita and Assyov, Boris and Atienza, Violeta and Bandini, Ditte and Baptista-Ferreira, Joao Luis and Baral, Hans-Otto and Baroni, Tim and Barreto, Robert Weingart and Baker, Henry and Bell, Ann and Bellanger, Jean-Michel and Bellu, Francesco and Bemmann, Martin and Bendiksby, Mika and Bendiksen, Egil and Bendiksen, Katriina and Benedek, Lajos and Beresova-Guttova, Anna and Berger, Franz and Berndt, Reinhard and Bernicchia, Annarosa and Biketova, Alona Yu and Bizio, Enrico and Bjork, Curtis and Boekhout, Teun and Boertmann, David and Bohning, Tanja and Boittin, Florent and Boluda, Carlos G. and Boomsluiter, Menno W. and Borovicka, Jan and Brandrud, Tor Erik and Braun, Uwe and Brodo, Irwin and Bulyonkova, Tatiana and Burdsall, Harold H., Jr. and Buyck, Bart and Burgaz, Ana Rosa and Calatayud, Vicent and Callac, Philippe and Campo, Emanuele and Candusso, Massimo and Capoen, Brigitte and Carbo, Joaquim and Carbone, Matteo and Castaneda-Ruiz, Rafael F. and Castellano, Michael A. and Chen, Jie and Clerc, Philippe and Consiglio, Giovanni and Corriol, Gilles and Courtecuisse, Regis and Crespo, Ana and Cripps, Cathy and Crous, Pedro W. and da Silva, Gladstone Alves and da Silva, Meiriele and Dam, Marjo and Dam, Nico and Dammrich, Frank and Das, Kanad and Davies, Linda and De Crop, Eske and De Kesel, Andre and De Lange, Ruben and Bonzi, Barbara De Madrignac and dela Cruz, Thomas Edison E. and Delgat, Lynn and Demoulin, Vincent and Desjardin, Dennis E. and Diederich, Paul and Dima, Balint and Dios, Maria Martha and Divakar, Pradeep Kumar and Douanla-Meli, Clovis and Douglas, Brian and Drechsler-Santos, Elisandro Ricardo and Dyer, Paul S. and Eberhardt, Ursula and Ertz, Damien and Esteve-Raventos, Fernando and Salazar, Javier Angel Etayo and Evenson, Vera and Eyssartier, Guillaume and Farkas, Edit and Favre, Alain and Fedosova, Anna G. and Filippa, Mario and Finy, Peter and Flakus, Adam and Fos, Simon and Fournier, Jacques and Fraiture, Andre and Franchi, Paolo and Molano, Ana Esperanza Franco and Friebes, Gernot and Frisch, Andreas and Fryday, Alan and Furci, Giuliana and Marquez, Ricardo Galan and Garbelotto, Matteo and Garcia-Martin, Joaquina Maria and Otalora, Monica A. Garcia and Sanchez, Dania Garcia and Gardiennet, Alain and Garnica, Sigisfredo and Benavent, Isaac Garrido and Gates, Genevieve and Gerlach, Alice da Cruz Lima and Ghobad-Nejhad, Masoomeh and Gibertoni, Tatiana B. and Grebenc, Tine and Greilhuber, Irmgard and Grishkan, Bella and Groenewald, Johannes Z. and Grube, Martin and Gruhn, Gerald and Gueidan, Cecile and Gulden, Gro and Gusmao, Luis F. P. and Hafellner, Josef and Hairaud, Michel and Halama, Marek and Hallenberg, Nils and Halling, Roy E. and Hansen, Karen and Harder, Christoffer Bugge and Heilmann-Clausen, Jacob and Helleman, Stip and Henriot, Alain and Hernandez-Restrepo, Margarita and Herve, Raphael and Hobart, Caroline and Hoffmeister, Mascha and Hoiland, Klaus and Holec, Jan and Holien, Hakon and Hughes, Karen and Hubka, Vit and Huhtinen, Seppo and Ivancevic, Boris and Jagers, Marian and Jaklitsch, Walter and Jansen, AnnaElise and Jayawardena, Ruvishika S. and Jeppesen, Thomas Stjernegaard and Jeppson, Mikael and Johnston, Peter and Jorgensen, Per Magnus and Karnefelt, Ingvar and Kalinina, Liudmila B. and Kantvilas, Gintaras and Karadelev, Mitko and Kasuya, Taiga and Kautmanova, Ivona and Kerrigan, Richard W. and Kirchmair, Martin and Kiyashko, Anna and Knapp, Daniel G. and Knudsen, Henning and Knudsen, Kerry and Knutsson, Tommy and Kolarik, Miroslav and Koljalg, Urmas and Kosuthova, Alica and Koszka, Attila and Kotiranta, Heikki and Kotkova, Vera and Koukol, Ondrej and Kout, Jiri and Kovacs, Gabor M. and Kriz, Martin and Kruys, Asa and Kudera, Viktor and Kudzma, Linas and Kuhar, Francisco and Kukwa, Martin and Kumar, T. K. Arun and Kunca, Vladimir and Kusan, Ivana and Kuyper, Thomas W. and Lado, Carlos and Laessoe, Thomas and Laine, Patrice and Langer, Ewald and Larsson, Ellen and Larsson, Karl-Henrik and Laursen, Gary and Lechat, Christian and Lee, Serena and Lendemer, James C. and Levin, Laura and Lindemann, Uwe and Lindstrom, Hakan and Liu, Xingzhong and Hernandez, Regulo Carlos Llarena and Llop, Esteve and Locsmandi, Csaba and Lodge, Deborah Jean and Loizides, Michael and Lokos, Laszlo and Luangsa-ard, Jennifer and Luderitz, Matthias and Lumbsch, Thorsten and Lutz, Matthias and Mahoney, Dan and Malysheva, Ekaterina and Malysheva, Vera and Manimohan, Patinjareveettil and Mann-Felix, Yasmina and Marques, Guilhermina and Martinez-Gil, Ruben and Marson, Guy and Mata, Gerardo and Matheny, P. Brandon and Mathiassen, Geir Harald and Matocec, Neven and Mayrhofer, Helmut and Mehrabi, Mehdi and Melo, Ireneia and Mesic, Armin and Methven, Andrew S. and Miettinen, Otto and Romero, Ana M. Millanes and Miller, Andrew N. and Mitchell, James K. and Moberg, Roland and Moreau, Pierre-Arthur and Moreno, Gabriel and Morozova, Olga and Morte, Asuncion and Muggia, Lucia and Gonzalez, Guillermo Munoz and Myllys, Leena and Nagy, Istvan and Nagy, Laszlo G. and Neves, Maria Alice and Niemela, Tuomo and Nimis, Pier Luigi and Niveiro, Nicolas and Noordeloos, Machiel E. and Nordin, Anders and Noumeur, Sara Raouia and Novozhilov, Yuri and Nuytinck, Jorinde and Ohenoja, Esteri and Fiuza, Patricia Oliveira and Orange, Alan and Ordynets, Alexander and Ortiz-Santana, Beatriz and Pacheco, Leticia and Pal-Fam, Ferenc and Palacio, Melissa and Palice, Zdenek and Papp, Viktor and Partel, Kadri and Pawlowska, Julia and Paz, Aurelia and Peintner, Ursula and Pennycook, Shaun and Pereira, Olinto Liparini and Daniels, Pablo Perez and Capella, Miguel A. Perez-De-Gregorio and del Amo, Carlos Manuel Perez and Gorjon, Sergio Perez and Perez-Ortega, Sergio and Perez-Vargas, Israel and Perry, Brian A. and Petersen, Jens H. and Petersen, Ronald H. and Pfister, Donald H. and Phukhamsakda, Chayanard and Piatek, Marcin and Piepenbring, Meike and Pino-Bodas, Raquel and Esquivel, Juan Pablo Pinzon and Pirot, Paul and Popov, Eugene S. and Popoff, Orlando and Alvaro, Maria Prieto and Printzen, Christian and Psurtseva, Nadezhda and Purahong, Witoon and Quijada, Luis and Rambold, Gerhard and Ramirez, Natalia A. and Raja, Huzefa and Raspe, Olivier and Raymundo, Tania and Reblova, Martina and Rebriev, Yury A. and Garcia, Juan de Dios Reyes and Ripoll, Miguel Angel Ribes and Richard, Franck and Richardson, Mike J. and Rico, Victor J. and Robledo, Gerardo Lucio and Barbosa, Flavia Rodrigues and Rodriguez-Caycedo, Cristina and Rodriguez-Flakus, Pamela and Ronikier, Anna and Casas, Luis Rubio and Rusevska, Katerina and Saar, Gunter and Saar, Irja and Salcedo, Isabel and Martinez, Sergio M. Salcedo and Montoya, Carlos A. Salvador and Sanchez-Ramirez, Santiago and Sandoval-Sierra, J. Vladimir and Santamaria, Sergi and Monteiro, Josiane Santana and Schroers, Hans Josef and Schulz, Barbara and Schmidt-Stohn, Geert and Schumacher, Trond and Senn-Irlet, Beatrice and Sevcikova, Hana and Shchepin, Oleg and Shirouzu, Takashi and Shiryaev, Anton and Siepe, Klaus and Sir, Esteban B. and Sohrabi, Mohammad and Soop, Karl and Spirin, Viacheslav and Spribille, Toby and Stadler, Marc and Stalpers, Joost and Stenroos, Soili and Suija, Ave and Sunhede, Stellan and Svantesson, Sten and Svensson, Sigvard and Svetasheva, Tatyana Yu and Swierkosz, Krzysztof and Tamm, Heidi and Taskin, Hatira and Taudiere, Adrien and Tedebrand, Jan-Olof and Lahoz, Raul Tena and Temina, Marina and Thell, Arne and Thines, Marco and Thor, Goren and Thus, Holger and Tibell, Leif and Tibell, Sanja and Timdal, Einar and Tkalcec, Zdenko and Tonsberg, Tor and Trichies, Gerard and Triebel, Dagmar and Tsurykau, Andrei and Tulloss, Rodham E. and Tuovinen, Veera and Sosa, Miguel Ulloa and Urcelay, Carlos and Valade, Francois and Garza, Ricardo Valenzuela and van den Boom, Pieter and Van Vooren, Nicolas and Vasco-Palacios, Aida M. and Vauras, Jukka and Santos, Juan Manuel Velasco and Vellinga, Else and Verbeken, Annemieke and Vetlesen, Per and Vizzini, Alfredo and Voglmayr, Hermann and Volobuev, Sergey and von Brackel, Wolfgang and Voronina, Elena and Walther, Grit and Watling, Roy and Weber, Evi and Wedin, Mats and Weholt, Oyvind and Westberg, Martin and Yurchenko, Eugene and Zehnalek, Petr and Zhang, Huang and Zhurbenko, Mikhail P. and Ekmani, Stefan}},
  issn         = {{2210-6340}},
  journal      = {{IMA FUNGUS}},
  keywords     = {{INTERNAL TRANSCRIBED SPACER,IN-SITU HYBRIDIZATION,CY3-LABELED,OLIGONUCLEOTIDE PROBES,OPERATIONAL TAXONOMIC UNITS,FRESH-WATER FUNGI,SPECIES DELIMITATION,GENE TREES,RIBOSOMAL-RNA,INTEGRATIVE TAXONOMY,POSITIVE SELECTION,IMC11,nomenclature,speciation,taxonomy,typification,voucherless,fungi}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  number       = {{1}},
  pages        = {{167--175}},
  title        = {{Considerations and consequences of allowing DNA sequence data as types of fungal taxa}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.5598/imafungus.2018.09.01.10}},
  volume       = {{9}},
  year         = {{2018}},
}

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