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Star-forming dwarf galaxies in the Virgo cluster : the link between molecular gas, atomic gas, and dust

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Abstract
We present (CO)-C-12(1-0) and (CO)-C-12(2-1) observations of a sample of 20 star-forming dwarfs selected from the Herschel Virgo Cluster Survey, with oxygen abundances ranging from 12 + log(O/H) similar to 8.1 to 8.8. CO emission is observed in ten galaxies and marginally detected in another one. CO fluxes correlate with the FIR 250 mu m emission, and the dwarfs follow the same linear relation that holds for more massive spiral galaxies extended to a wider dynamical range. We compare different methods to estimate H-2 molecular masses, namely a metallicity-dependent CO-to-H-2 conversion factor and one dependent on H-band luminosity. The molecular-to-stellar mass ratio remains nearly constant at stellar masses less than or similar to 10(9) M-circle dot, contrary to the atomic hydrogen fraction, M-HI/M-*, which increases inversely with M*. The flattening of the M-H2/M* ratio at low stellar masses does not seem to be related to the effects of the cluster environment because it occurs for both HI-deficient and HI-normal dwarfs. The molecular-to-atomic ratio is more tightly correlated with stellar surface density than metallicity, confirming that the interstellar gas pressure plays a key role in determining the balance between the two gaseous components of the interstellar medium. Virgo dwarfs follow the same linear trend between molecular gas mass and star formation rate as more massive spirals, but gas depletion timescales, tau(dep), are not constant and range between 100 Myr and 6 Gyr. The interaction with the Virgo cluster environment is removing the atomic gas and dust components of the dwarfs, but the molecular gas appears to be less affected at the current stage of evolution within the cluster. However, the correlation between HI deficiency and the molecular gas depletion time suggests that the lack of gas replenishment from the outer regions of the disc is lowering the star formation activity.
Keywords
galaxies: dwarf, galaxies: ISM, galaxies: clusters: individual: Virgo, galaxies: evolution, HERSCHEL REFERENCE SURVEY, CO-TO-H-2 CONVERSION FACTOR, SMALL-MAGELLANIC-CLOUD, FAST ALPHA SURVEY, IRAM LEGACY SURVEY, DIGITAL SKY SURVEY, SEST KEY PROGRAM, NEARBY GALAXIES, H-I, IRREGULAR GALAXIES

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MLA
Grossi, M., et al. “Star-Forming Dwarf Galaxies in the Virgo Cluster : The Link between Molecular Gas, Atomic Gas, and Dust.” ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS, vol. 590, 2016, doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201628123.
APA
Grossi, M., Corbelli, E., Bizzocchi, L., Giovanardi, C., Bomans, D., Coelho, B., … Riguccini, L. (2016). Star-forming dwarf galaxies in the Virgo cluster : the link between molecular gas, atomic gas, and dust. ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS, 590. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201628123
Chicago author-date
Grossi, M, E Corbelli, L Bizzocchi, C Giovanardi, D Bomans, B Coelho, Ilse De Looze, et al. 2016. “Star-Forming Dwarf Galaxies in the Virgo Cluster : The Link between Molecular Gas, Atomic Gas, and Dust.” ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS 590. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201628123.
Chicago author-date (all authors)
Grossi, M, E Corbelli, L Bizzocchi, C Giovanardi, D Bomans, B Coelho, Ilse De Looze, TS Gonçalves, LK Hunt, E Leonardo, S Madden, K Menéndez-Delmestre, C Pappalardo, and L Riguccini. 2016. “Star-Forming Dwarf Galaxies in the Virgo Cluster : The Link between Molecular Gas, Atomic Gas, and Dust.” ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS 590. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201628123.
Vancouver
1.
Grossi M, Corbelli E, Bizzocchi L, Giovanardi C, Bomans D, Coelho B, et al. Star-forming dwarf galaxies in the Virgo cluster : the link between molecular gas, atomic gas, and dust. ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS. 2016;590.
IEEE
[1]
M. Grossi et al., “Star-forming dwarf galaxies in the Virgo cluster : the link between molecular gas, atomic gas, and dust,” ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS, vol. 590, 2016.
@article{8549946,
  abstract     = {{We present (CO)-C-12(1-0) and (CO)-C-12(2-1) observations of a sample of 20 star-forming dwarfs selected from the Herschel Virgo Cluster Survey, with oxygen abundances ranging from 12 + log(O/H) similar to 8.1 to 8.8. CO emission is observed in ten galaxies and marginally detected in another one. CO fluxes correlate with the FIR 250 mu m emission, and the dwarfs follow the same linear relation that holds for more massive spiral galaxies extended to a wider dynamical range. We compare different methods to estimate H-2 molecular masses, namely a metallicity-dependent CO-to-H-2 conversion factor and one dependent on H-band luminosity. The molecular-to-stellar mass ratio remains nearly constant at stellar masses less than or similar to 10(9) M-circle dot, contrary to the atomic hydrogen fraction, M-HI/M-*, which increases inversely with M*. The flattening of the M-H2/M* ratio at low stellar masses does not seem to be related to the effects of the cluster environment because it occurs for both HI-deficient and HI-normal dwarfs. The molecular-to-atomic ratio is more tightly correlated with stellar surface density than metallicity, confirming that the interstellar gas pressure plays a key role in determining the balance between the two gaseous components of the interstellar medium. Virgo dwarfs follow the same linear trend between molecular gas mass and star formation rate as more massive spirals, but gas depletion timescales, tau(dep), are not constant and range between 100 Myr and 6 Gyr. The interaction with the Virgo cluster environment is removing the atomic gas and dust components of the dwarfs, but the molecular gas appears to be less affected at the current stage of evolution within the cluster. However, the correlation between HI deficiency and the molecular gas depletion time suggests that the lack of gas replenishment from the outer regions of the disc is lowering the star formation activity.}},
  articleno    = {{A27}},
  author       = {{Grossi, M and Corbelli, E and Bizzocchi, L and Giovanardi, C and Bomans, D and Coelho, B and De Looze, Ilse and Gonçalves, TS and Hunt, LK and Leonardo, E and Madden, S and Menéndez-Delmestre, K and Pappalardo, C and Riguccini, L}},
  issn         = {{1432-0746}},
  journal      = {{ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS}},
  keywords     = {{galaxies: dwarf,galaxies: ISM,galaxies: clusters: individual: Virgo,galaxies: evolution,HERSCHEL REFERENCE SURVEY,CO-TO-H-2 CONVERSION FACTOR,SMALL-MAGELLANIC-CLOUD,FAST ALPHA SURVEY,IRAM LEGACY SURVEY,DIGITAL SKY SURVEY,SEST KEY PROGRAM,NEARBY GALAXIES,H-I,IRREGULAR GALAXIES}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  pages        = {{19}},
  title        = {{Star-forming dwarf galaxies in the Virgo cluster : the link between molecular gas, atomic gas, and dust}},
  url          = {{http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201628123}},
  volume       = {{590}},
  year         = {{2016}},
}

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