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The spatially resolved [CII] cooling line deficit in galaxies

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Abstract
We present [C II] 158 mu m measurements from over 15,000 resolved regions within 54 nearby galaxies of the KINGFISH program to investigate the so-called [C II] " line-cooling deficit" long known to occur in galaxies with different luminosities. The [C II]/TIR ratio ranges from above 1% to below 0.1% in the sample, with a mean value of 0.48 +/- 0.21%. We find that the surface density of 24 mu m emission dominates this trend, with [C II]/TIR dropping as nIn(24 mm) increases. Deviations from this overall decline are correlated with changes in the gas-phase metal abundance, with higher metallicity associated with deeper deficits at a fixed surface brightness. We supplement the local sample with resolved [C II] measurements from nearby luminous infrared galaxies and highredshift sources from z = 1.8-6.4, and find that star formation rate density drives a continuous trend of deepening [C II] deficit across six orders of magnitude in Sigma(SFR). The tightness of this correlation suggests that an approximate Sigma(SFR) can be estimated directly from global measurements of [C II]/TIR, and a relation is provided to do so. Several low-luminosity active galactic nucleus (AGN) hosts in the sample show additional and significant central suppression of [C II]/TIR, but these deficit enhancements occur not in those AGNs with the highest X-ray luminosities, but instead those with the highest central starlight intensities. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the [C II] line-cooling line deficit in galaxies likely arises from local physical phenomena in interstellar gas.
Keywords
dust, extinction, galaxies: ISM, infrared: galaxies, techniques: spectroscopic, STAR-FORMATION RATE, C-II LINE, POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS, LUMINOUS INFRARED GALAXIES, HIGH-REDSHIFT GALAXIES, 158 MU-M, ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI, FINE-STRUCTURE LINES, SIMILAR-TO 1-2, INTERSTELLAR-MEDIUM

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MLA
Smith, JDT, et al. “The Spatially Resolved [CII] Cooling Line Deficit in Galaxies.” ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, vol. 834, no. 1, 2016, doi:10.3847/1538-4357/834/1/5.
APA
Smith, J., Croxall, K., Draine, B., De Looze, I., Sandstrom, K., Armus, L., … Wolfire, M. (2016). The spatially resolved [CII] cooling line deficit in galaxies. ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, 834(1). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/834/1/5
Chicago author-date
Smith, JDT, Kevin Croxall, Bruce Draine, Ilse De Looze, Karin Sandstrom, Lee Armus, Pedro Beirão, et al. 2016. “The Spatially Resolved [CII] Cooling Line Deficit in Galaxies.” ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL 834 (1). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/834/1/5.
Chicago author-date (all authors)
Smith, JDT, Kevin Croxall, Bruce Draine, Ilse De Looze, Karin Sandstrom, Lee Armus, Pedro Beirão, Alberto Bolatto, Mederic Boquien, Bernhard Brandl, Alison Crocker, Daniel A Dale, Maud Galametz, Brent Groves, George Helou, Rodrigo Herrera-Camus, Leslie Hunt, Robert Kennicutt, Fabian Walter, and Mark Wolfire. 2016. “The Spatially Resolved [CII] Cooling Line Deficit in Galaxies.” ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL 834 (1). doi:10.3847/1538-4357/834/1/5.
Vancouver
1.
Smith J, Croxall K, Draine B, De Looze I, Sandstrom K, Armus L, et al. The spatially resolved [CII] cooling line deficit in galaxies. ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL. 2016;834(1).
IEEE
[1]
J. Smith et al., “The spatially resolved [CII] cooling line deficit in galaxies,” ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, vol. 834, no. 1, 2016.
@article{8549941,
  abstract     = {{We present [C II] 158 mu m measurements from over 15,000 resolved regions within 54 nearby galaxies of the KINGFISH program to investigate the so-called [C II] " line-cooling deficit" long known to occur in galaxies with different luminosities. The [C II]/TIR ratio ranges from above 1% to below 0.1% in the sample, with a mean value of 0.48 +/- 0.21%. We find that the surface density of 24 mu m emission dominates this trend, with [C II]/TIR dropping as nIn(24 mm) increases. Deviations from this overall decline are correlated with changes in the gas-phase metal abundance, with higher metallicity associated with deeper deficits at a fixed surface brightness. We supplement the local sample with resolved [C II] measurements from nearby luminous infrared galaxies and highredshift sources from z = 1.8-6.4, and find that star formation rate density drives a continuous trend of deepening [C II] deficit across six orders of magnitude in Sigma(SFR). The tightness of this correlation suggests that an approximate Sigma(SFR) can be estimated directly from global measurements of [C II]/TIR, and a relation is provided to do so. Several low-luminosity active galactic nucleus (AGN) hosts in the sample show additional and significant central suppression of [C II]/TIR, but these deficit enhancements occur not in those AGNs with the highest X-ray luminosities, but instead those with the highest central starlight intensities. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the [C II] line-cooling line deficit in galaxies likely arises from local physical phenomena in interstellar gas.}},
  articleno    = {{5}},
  author       = {{Smith, JDT and Croxall, Kevin and Draine, Bruce and De Looze, Ilse and Sandstrom, Karin and Armus, Lee and Beirão, Pedro and Bolatto, Alberto and Boquien, Mederic and Brandl, Bernhard and Crocker, Alison and Dale, Daniel A and Galametz, Maud and Groves, Brent and Helou, George and Herrera-Camus, Rodrigo and Hunt, Leslie and Kennicutt, Robert and Walter, Fabian and Wolfire, Mark}},
  issn         = {{0004-637X}},
  journal      = {{ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL}},
  keywords     = {{dust,extinction,galaxies: ISM,infrared: galaxies,techniques: spectroscopic,STAR-FORMATION RATE,C-II LINE,POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS,LUMINOUS INFRARED GALAXIES,HIGH-REDSHIFT GALAXIES,158 MU-M,ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI,FINE-STRUCTURE LINES,SIMILAR-TO 1-2,INTERSTELLAR-MEDIUM}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  number       = {{1}},
  pages        = {{12}},
  title        = {{The spatially resolved [CII] cooling line deficit in galaxies}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/834/1/5}},
  volume       = {{834}},
  year         = {{2016}},
}

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