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Ectopic lymphoid tissues support local immunoglobulin production in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps

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Abstract
Background: The contribution of ectopic lymphoid tissues (eLTs) to local immunoglobulin hyperproduction in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is unclear. Objective: We sought to explore the cellular basis, formation mechanisms, and function of eLTs in patients with CRSwNP. Methods: We graded lymphoid aggregations in sinonasal mucosa and histologically studied their structures. The expression of lymphorganogenic factors and molecules required for immunoglobulin production was measured by using real-time PCR, and their localization was analyzed by means of immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. The phenotype of follicular helper T cells was analyzed by performing flow cytometry. Immunoglobulin levels were quantified by using the Bio-Plex assay or ImmunoCAP system. Nasal tissue explants were challenged ex vivo with Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus group 1 (Der p 1), and the expression of I epsilon-C mu and I epsilon-C gamma circle transcripts was detected by using seminested PCR. Results: Increased formation of eLTs with germinal center-like structures was discovered in patients with eosinophilic (20.69%) and noneosinophilic (17.31%) CRSwNP compared with that in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps (5.66%) and control subjects (3.70%). The presence of eLTs was associated with increased expression of lymphorganogenic and inflammatory chemokines and cytokines, as well as their receptors. The expression of molecules required for immunoglobulin production, generation of follicular helper T cells, and production of IgE in eosinophilic polyps and IgG and IgA in both eosinophilic and noneosinophilic polyps were predominantly upregulated in patients with eLTs. After Der p 1 challenge ex vivo, I epsilon-C mu transcript was detected only in eosinophilic polyps with eLTs but not in polyps without eLTs and noneosinophilic polyps. Conclusion: eLTs might support local immunoglobulin production and therefore significantly contribute to the development of CRSwNP.
Keywords
Ectopic lymphoid tissue, immunoglobulin, lymphoid aggregate, lymphorganogenesis, B-CELLS, T-CELLS, IGE, ALLERGEN, MUCOSA, INFLAMMATION, PATHOGENESIS, EXPRESSION, NEOGENESIS, ENTEROTOXINS

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MLA
Song, Jia, et al. “Ectopic Lymphoid Tissues Support Local Immunoglobulin Production in Patients with Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps.” JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY, vol. 141, no. 3, 2018, pp. 927–37, doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2017.10.014.
APA
Song, J., Wang, H., Zhang, Y.-N., Cao, P.-P., Liao, B., Wang, Z.-Z., … Liu, Z. (2018). Ectopic lymphoid tissues support local immunoglobulin production in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY, 141(3), 927–937. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2017.10.014
Chicago author-date
Song, Jia, Hai Wang, Ya-Na Zhang, Ping-Ping Cao, Bo Liao, Zhe-Zheng Wang, Li-Li Shi, et al. 2018. “Ectopic Lymphoid Tissues Support Local Immunoglobulin Production in Patients with Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps.” JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY 141 (3): 927–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2017.10.014.
Chicago author-date (all authors)
Song, Jia, Hai Wang, Ya-Na Zhang, Ping-Ping Cao, Bo Liao, Zhe-Zheng Wang, Li-Li Shi, Yin Yao, Guan-Ting Zhai, Zhi-Chao Wang, Li-Meng Liu, Ming Zeng, Xiang Lu, Heng Wang, Xiang-Ping Yang, Di Yu, Claus Bachert, and Zheng Liu. 2018. “Ectopic Lymphoid Tissues Support Local Immunoglobulin Production in Patients with Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps.” JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY 141 (3): 927–937. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2017.10.014.
Vancouver
1.
Song J, Wang H, Zhang Y-N, Cao P-P, Liao B, Wang Z-Z, et al. Ectopic lymphoid tissues support local immunoglobulin production in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY. 2018;141(3):927–37.
IEEE
[1]
J. Song et al., “Ectopic lymphoid tissues support local immunoglobulin production in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps,” JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY, vol. 141, no. 3, pp. 927–937, 2018.
@article{8549687,
  abstract     = {{Background: The contribution of ectopic lymphoid tissues (eLTs) to local immunoglobulin hyperproduction in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is unclear. 
Objective: We sought to explore the cellular basis, formation mechanisms, and function of eLTs in patients with CRSwNP. 
Methods: We graded lymphoid aggregations in sinonasal mucosa and histologically studied their structures. The expression of lymphorganogenic factors and molecules required for immunoglobulin production was measured by using real-time PCR, and their localization was analyzed by means of immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. The phenotype of follicular helper T cells was analyzed by performing flow cytometry. Immunoglobulin levels were quantified by using the Bio-Plex assay or ImmunoCAP system. Nasal tissue explants were challenged ex vivo with Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus group 1 (Der p 1), and the expression of I epsilon-C mu and I epsilon-C gamma circle transcripts was detected by using seminested PCR. 
Results: Increased formation of eLTs with germinal center-like structures was discovered in patients with eosinophilic (20.69%) and noneosinophilic (17.31%) CRSwNP compared with that in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps (5.66%) and control subjects (3.70%). The presence of eLTs was associated with increased expression of lymphorganogenic and inflammatory chemokines and cytokines, as well as their receptors. The expression of molecules required for immunoglobulin production, generation of follicular helper T cells, and production of IgE in eosinophilic polyps and IgG and IgA in both eosinophilic and noneosinophilic polyps were predominantly upregulated in patients with eLTs. After Der p 1 challenge ex vivo, I epsilon-C mu transcript was detected only in eosinophilic polyps with eLTs but not in polyps without eLTs and noneosinophilic polyps. 
Conclusion: eLTs might support local immunoglobulin production and therefore significantly contribute to the development of CRSwNP.}},
  author       = {{Song, Jia and Wang, Hai and Zhang, Ya-Na and Cao, Ping-Ping and Liao, Bo and Wang, Zhe-Zheng and Shi, Li-Li and Yao, Yin and Zhai, Guan-Ting and Wang, Zhi-Chao and Liu, Li-Meng and Zeng, Ming and Lu, Xiang and Wang, Heng and Yang, Xiang-Ping and Yu, Di and Bachert, Claus and Liu, Zheng}},
  issn         = {{0091-6749}},
  journal      = {{JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY}},
  keywords     = {{Ectopic lymphoid tissue,immunoglobulin,lymphoid aggregate,lymphorganogenesis,B-CELLS,T-CELLS,IGE,ALLERGEN,MUCOSA,INFLAMMATION,PATHOGENESIS,EXPRESSION,NEOGENESIS,ENTEROTOXINS}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  number       = {{3}},
  pages        = {{927--937}},
  title        = {{Ectopic lymphoid tissues support local immunoglobulin production in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2017.10.014}},
  volume       = {{141}},
  year         = {{2018}},
}

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