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The molecular speciation of soil-transmitted helminth eggs collected from school children across six endemic countries

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Abstract
Background: The diagnosis of soil-transmitted helminths (STHs; Ascaris, Trichuris and hookworms) is traditionally based on the demonstration of eggs in stool using microscopic techniques. While molecular techniques are more appropriate to speciate STH species they are seldom applied. In this study we speciated STH eggs from stool using molecular techniques to gain insights into the distribution of both human and animal STH species in the human host. Methods: We speciated 207 STH egg isolates from stool collected during the baseline survey of six drug efficacy trials conducted in Brazil, Cambodia, Cameroon, Ethiopia, Tanzania and Vietnam applying a PCR -restriction fragment length polymorphisms based approach. Results: DNA of Ascaris was detected in 71 (34.3%) samples, of which all were identified as the human roundworm Ascaris lumbricoides. In 87 (42.0%) samples, DNA of Trichuris spp. was found and further speciation demonstrated the presence of the human Trichuris trichiura (100%) and the canine Trichuris vulpis (n=7; 8.0%; in Cameroon only). Hookworms were identified in 104 (50.2%) samples, with Necator americanus (n=73; 70.2%) being the predominant species followed by Ancylostoma duodenale (n=40; 38.5%). Conclusions: Our study indicates that STH infections in humans are predominantly caused by human STH species. They also suggest that zoonotic transmission occurs on a local scale.
Keywords
Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichiuris trichiura, Trichuris vulpis, Necator americanus, Ancylostoma duodenale, Zoonosis, ANCYLOSTOMA-CEYLANICUM, TRICHURIS-TRICHIURA, HOOKWORM INFECTION, RURAL-COMMUNITY, ASCARIS-SUUM, PCR-RFLP, HUMANS, TRANSMISSION, DOGS, IDENTIFICATION

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MLA
George, Santosh, et al. “The Molecular Speciation of Soil-Transmitted Helminth Eggs Collected from School Children across Six Endemic Countries.” TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE, vol. 110, no. 11, 2016, pp. 657–63, doi:10.1093/trstmh/trw078.
APA
George, S., Geldhof, P., Albonico, M., Ame, S. M., Bethony, J. M., Engels, D., … Levecke, B. (2016). The molecular speciation of soil-transmitted helminth eggs collected from school children across six endemic countries. TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE, 110(11), 657–663. https://doi.org/10.1093/trstmh/trw078
Chicago author-date
George, Santosh, Peter Geldhof, Marco Albonico, Shaali M Ame, Jeffrey M Bethony, Dirk Engels, Zeleke Mekonnen Kurmane, et al. 2016. “The Molecular Speciation of Soil-Transmitted Helminth Eggs Collected from School Children across Six Endemic Countries.” TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE 110 (11): 657–63. https://doi.org/10.1093/trstmh/trw078.
Chicago author-date (all authors)
George, Santosh, Peter Geldhof, Marco Albonico, Shaali M Ame, Jeffrey M Bethony, Dirk Engels, Zeleke Mekonnen Kurmane, Antonio Montresor, Sopheak Hem, Louis-Albert Tchuem-Tchuenté, Nguyen Thu Huong, Gagandeep Kang, Jozef Vercruysse, and Bruno Levecke. 2016. “The Molecular Speciation of Soil-Transmitted Helminth Eggs Collected from School Children across Six Endemic Countries.” TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE 110 (11): 657–663. doi:10.1093/trstmh/trw078.
Vancouver
1.
George S, Geldhof P, Albonico M, Ame SM, Bethony JM, Engels D, et al. The molecular speciation of soil-transmitted helminth eggs collected from school children across six endemic countries. TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE. 2016;110(11):657–63.
IEEE
[1]
S. George et al., “The molecular speciation of soil-transmitted helminth eggs collected from school children across six endemic countries,” TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE, vol. 110, no. 11, pp. 657–663, 2016.
@article{8525652,
  abstract     = {{Background: The diagnosis of soil-transmitted helminths (STHs; Ascaris, Trichuris and hookworms) is traditionally based on the demonstration of eggs in stool using microscopic techniques. While molecular techniques are more appropriate to speciate STH species they are seldom applied. In this study we speciated STH eggs from stool using molecular techniques to gain insights into the distribution of both human and animal STH species in the human host. 
Methods: We speciated 207 STH egg isolates from stool collected during the baseline survey of six drug efficacy trials conducted in Brazil, Cambodia, Cameroon, Ethiopia, Tanzania and Vietnam applying a PCR -restriction fragment length polymorphisms based approach. 
Results: DNA of Ascaris was detected in 71 (34.3%) samples, of which all were identified as the human roundworm Ascaris lumbricoides. In 87 (42.0%) samples, DNA of Trichuris spp. was found and further speciation demonstrated the presence of the human Trichuris trichiura (100%) and the canine Trichuris vulpis (n=7; 8.0%; in Cameroon only). Hookworms were identified in 104 (50.2%) samples, with Necator americanus (n=73; 70.2%) being the predominant species followed by Ancylostoma duodenale (n=40; 38.5%). 
Conclusions: Our study indicates that STH infections in humans are predominantly caused by human STH species. They also suggest that zoonotic transmission occurs on a local scale.}},
  author       = {{George, Santosh and Geldhof, Peter and Albonico, Marco and Ame, Shaali M and Bethony, Jeffrey M and Engels, Dirk and Mekonnen Kurmane, Zeleke and Montresor, Antonio and Hem, Sopheak and Tchuem-Tchuenté, Louis-Albert and Huong, Nguyen Thu and Kang, Gagandeep and Vercruysse, Jozef and Levecke, Bruno}},
  issn         = {{0035-9203}},
  journal      = {{TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE}},
  keywords     = {{Ascaris lumbricoides,Trichiuris trichiura,Trichuris vulpis,Necator americanus,Ancylostoma duodenale,Zoonosis,ANCYLOSTOMA-CEYLANICUM,TRICHURIS-TRICHIURA,HOOKWORM INFECTION,RURAL-COMMUNITY,ASCARIS-SUUM,PCR-RFLP,HUMANS,TRANSMISSION,DOGS,IDENTIFICATION}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  number       = {{11}},
  pages        = {{657--663}},
  title        = {{The molecular speciation of soil-transmitted helminth eggs collected from school children across six endemic countries}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.1093/trstmh/trw078}},
  volume       = {{110}},
  year         = {{2016}},
}

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