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The cyst-theca relationship of the dinoflagellate cyst Trinovantedinium pallidifulvum, with erection of Protoperidinium lousianensis sp. nov. and their phylogenetic position within the Conica group

(2017) PALYNOLOGY. 41(2). p.183-202
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Abstract
We establish the cyst-theca relationship of the dinoflagellate cyst species Trinovantedinium pallidifulvum Matsuoka 1987 based on germination experiments of specimens isolated from the Gulf of Mexico. We show that the motile stage is a new species, designated as Protoperidinium louisianensis. We also determine its phylogenetic position based on single-cell polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of a single cell germinated from the Gulf of Mexico cysts. To further refine the phylogeny, we determined the large subunit (LSU) sequence through single-cell PCR of the cyst Selenopemphix undulata isolated from Brentwood Bay (Saanich Inlet, BC, Canada). The phylogeny shows that P. louisianensis is closest to P. shanghaiense, the motile stage of T. applanatum, and is consistent with the monophyly of the genus Trinovantedinium. Selenopemphix undulata belongs to a different clade than Selenopemphix quanta (alleged cyst of P. conicum), suggesting that the genus Selenopemphix is polyphyletic. Trinovantedinium pallidifulvum is widely distributed with occurrences in the Gulf of Mexico, the North Atlantic, the northeast Pacific and southeast Asia. In addition, we illustrate the two other extant species, Trinovantedinium applanatum and Trinovantedinium variabile, and two morphotypes of Trinovantedinium. Geochemical analyses of the cyst wall of T. pallidifulvum indicate the presence of amide groups in agreement with other heterotrophic dinoflagellate species, although the cyst wall of T. pallidifulvum also includes some unique features.
Keywords
RIBOSOMAL-RNA GENE, SURFACE SEDIMENTS, COASTAL WATERS, RESTING CYSTS, HETEROTROPHIC DINOFLAGELLATE, MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY, PORCUPINE BASIN, MIDDLE MIOCENE, NORTH PACIFIC, MIXED MODELS, Micro-FTIR, Selenopemphix undulata, Wadden Sea, Lake Saroma, Saanich, Inlet, Gulf of Mexico

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Citation

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MLA
Mertens, Kenneth, et al. “The Cyst-Theca Relationship of the Dinoflagellate Cyst Trinovantedinium Pallidifulvum, with Erection of Protoperidinium Lousianensis Sp. Nov. and Their Phylogenetic Position within the Conica Group.” PALYNOLOGY, vol. 41, no. 2, 2017, pp. 183–202, doi:10.1080/01916122.2016.1147219.
APA
Mertens, K., Gu, H., Takano, Y., Price, A. M., Pospelova, V., Bogus, K., … Matsuoka, K. (2017). The cyst-theca relationship of the dinoflagellate cyst Trinovantedinium pallidifulvum, with erection of Protoperidinium lousianensis sp. nov. and their phylogenetic position within the Conica group. PALYNOLOGY, 41(2), 183–202. https://doi.org/10.1080/01916122.2016.1147219
Chicago author-date
Mertens, Kenneth, Haifeng Gu, Yoshihito Takano, Andrea M Price, Vera Pospelova, Kara Bogus, Gerard JM Versteegh, et al. 2017. “The Cyst-Theca Relationship of the Dinoflagellate Cyst Trinovantedinium Pallidifulvum, with Erection of Protoperidinium Lousianensis Sp. Nov. and Their Phylogenetic Position within the Conica Group.” PALYNOLOGY 41 (2): 183–202. https://doi.org/10.1080/01916122.2016.1147219.
Chicago author-date (all authors)
Mertens, Kenneth, Haifeng Gu, Yoshihito Takano, Andrea M Price, Vera Pospelova, Kara Bogus, Gerard JM Versteegh, Fabienne Marret, R Eugene Turner, Nancy N Rabalais, and Kazumi Matsuoka. 2017. “The Cyst-Theca Relationship of the Dinoflagellate Cyst Trinovantedinium Pallidifulvum, with Erection of Protoperidinium Lousianensis Sp. Nov. and Their Phylogenetic Position within the Conica Group.” PALYNOLOGY 41 (2): 183–202. doi:10.1080/01916122.2016.1147219.
Vancouver
1.
Mertens K, Gu H, Takano Y, Price AM, Pospelova V, Bogus K, et al. The cyst-theca relationship of the dinoflagellate cyst Trinovantedinium pallidifulvum, with erection of Protoperidinium lousianensis sp. nov. and their phylogenetic position within the Conica group. PALYNOLOGY. 2017;41(2):183–202.
IEEE
[1]
K. Mertens et al., “The cyst-theca relationship of the dinoflagellate cyst Trinovantedinium pallidifulvum, with erection of Protoperidinium lousianensis sp. nov. and their phylogenetic position within the Conica group,” PALYNOLOGY, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 183–202, 2017.
@article{8521936,
  abstract     = {{We establish the cyst-theca relationship of the dinoflagellate cyst species Trinovantedinium pallidifulvum Matsuoka 1987 based on germination experiments of specimens isolated from the Gulf of Mexico. We show that the motile stage is a new species, designated as Protoperidinium louisianensis. We also determine its phylogenetic position based on single-cell polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of a single cell germinated from the Gulf of Mexico cysts. To further refine the phylogeny, we determined the large subunit (LSU) sequence through single-cell PCR of the cyst Selenopemphix undulata isolated from Brentwood Bay (Saanich Inlet, BC, Canada). The phylogeny shows that P. louisianensis is closest to P. shanghaiense, the motile stage of T. applanatum, and is consistent with the monophyly of the genus Trinovantedinium. Selenopemphix undulata belongs to a different clade than Selenopemphix quanta (alleged cyst of P. conicum), suggesting that the genus Selenopemphix is polyphyletic. Trinovantedinium pallidifulvum is widely distributed with occurrences in the Gulf of Mexico, the North Atlantic, the northeast Pacific and southeast Asia. In addition, we illustrate the two other extant species, Trinovantedinium applanatum and Trinovantedinium variabile, and two morphotypes of Trinovantedinium. Geochemical analyses of the cyst wall of T. pallidifulvum indicate the presence of amide groups in agreement with other heterotrophic dinoflagellate species, although the cyst wall of T. pallidifulvum also includes some unique features.}},
  author       = {{Mertens, Kenneth and Gu, Haifeng and Takano, Yoshihito and Price, Andrea M and Pospelova, Vera and Bogus, Kara and Versteegh, Gerard JM and Marret, Fabienne and Turner, R Eugene and Rabalais, Nancy N and Matsuoka, Kazumi}},
  issn         = {{0191-6122}},
  journal      = {{PALYNOLOGY}},
  keywords     = {{RIBOSOMAL-RNA GENE,SURFACE SEDIMENTS,COASTAL WATERS,RESTING CYSTS,HETEROTROPHIC DINOFLAGELLATE,MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY,PORCUPINE BASIN,MIDDLE MIOCENE,NORTH PACIFIC,MIXED MODELS,Micro-FTIR,Selenopemphix undulata,Wadden Sea,Lake Saroma,Saanich,Inlet,Gulf of Mexico}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  number       = {{2}},
  pages        = {{183--202}},
  title        = {{The cyst-theca relationship of the dinoflagellate cyst Trinovantedinium pallidifulvum, with erection of Protoperidinium lousianensis sp. nov. and their phylogenetic position within the Conica group}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.1080/01916122.2016.1147219}},
  volume       = {{41}},
  year         = {{2017}},
}

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