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Effects of histidine and β-alanine supplementation on human muscle carnosine storage

Laura Blancquaert, Inge Everaert (UGent) , Maarten Missinne, Audrey Baguet (UGent) , Sanne Stegen (UGent) , Anneke Volkaert (UGent) , Mirko Petrovic (UGent) , Chris Vervaet (UGent) , Eric Achten (UGent) , Mieke De Maeyer (UGent) , et al.
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Abstract
PURPOSE: Carnosine is a dipeptide composed of β-alanine and L-histidine and is present in skeletal muscle. Chronic oral β-alanine supplementation can induce muscle carnosine loading and is therefore seen as the rate-limiting factor for carnosine synthesis. However, the effect of L-histidine supplementation on carnosine levels in humans is never established. This study aims to investigate whether 1) L-histidine supplementation can induce muscle carnosine loading and 2) combined supplementation of both amino acids is more efficient than β-alanine supplementation alone. METHODS: Fifteen male and 15 female participants were equally divided in three groups. Each group was supplemented with either pure β-alanine (BA) (6 g·d), L-histidine (HIS) (3.5 g·d), or both amino acids (BA + HIS). Before (D0), after 12 d (D12), and after 23 d (D23) of supplementation, carnosine content was evaluated in soleus and gastrocnemius medialis muscles by H-MRS, and venous blood samples were collected. Muscle biopsies were taken at D0 and D23 from the vastus lateralis. Plasma and muscle metabolites (β-alanine, histidine, and carnosine) were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS: Both BA and BA + HIS groups showed increased carnosine concentrations in all investigated muscles, with no difference between these groups. By contrast, carnosine levels in the HIS group remained unaltered. Histidine levels were significantly decreased in plasma (-30.6%) and muscle (-31.6%) of the BA group, and this was prevented when β-alanine and L-histidine were supplemented simultaneously. CONCLUSION: We confirm that β-alanine, and not L-histidine, is the rate-limiting precursor for carnosine synthesis in human skeletal muscle. Yet, although L-histidine is not rate limiting, its availability is not unlimited and gradually declines upon chronic β-alanine supplementation. The significance of this decline still needs to be determined, but may affect physiological processes such as protein synthesis.
Keywords
CARNOSINE LOADING, ERGOGENIC SUPPLEMENTS, SKELETAL MUSCLE METABOLISM, SKELETAL-MUSCLE, EXERCISE PERFORMANCE, DIETARY HISTIDINE, AMINO-ACID, ANSERINE, SYNTHETASE, HISTAMINE, CAPACITY, HOMOCARNOSINE, RESISTANCE

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MLA
Blancquaert, Laura, et al. “Effects of Histidine and β-Alanine Supplementation on Human Muscle Carnosine Storage.” MEDICINE AND SCIENCE IN SPORTS AND EXERCISE, vol. 49, no. 3, 2017, pp. 602–09, doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000001213.
APA
Blancquaert, L., Everaert, I., Missinne, M., Baguet, A., Stegen, S., Volkaert, A., … Derave, W. (2017). Effects of histidine and β-alanine supplementation on human muscle carnosine storage. MEDICINE AND SCIENCE IN SPORTS AND EXERCISE, 49(3), 602–609. https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000001213
Chicago author-date
Blancquaert, Laura, Inge Everaert, Maarten Missinne, Audrey Baguet, Sanne Stegen, Anneke Volkaert, Mirko Petrovic, et al. 2017. “Effects of Histidine and β-Alanine Supplementation on Human Muscle Carnosine Storage.” MEDICINE AND SCIENCE IN SPORTS AND EXERCISE 49 (3): 602–9. https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000001213.
Chicago author-date (all authors)
Blancquaert, Laura, Inge Everaert, Maarten Missinne, Audrey Baguet, Sanne Stegen, Anneke Volkaert, Mirko Petrovic, Chris Vervaet, Eric Achten, Mieke De Maeyer, Stefaan De Henauw, and Wim Derave. 2017. “Effects of Histidine and β-Alanine Supplementation on Human Muscle Carnosine Storage.” MEDICINE AND SCIENCE IN SPORTS AND EXERCISE 49 (3): 602–609. doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000001213.
Vancouver
1.
Blancquaert L, Everaert I, Missinne M, Baguet A, Stegen S, Volkaert A, et al. Effects of histidine and β-alanine supplementation on human muscle carnosine storage. MEDICINE AND SCIENCE IN SPORTS AND EXERCISE. 2017;49(3):602–9.
IEEE
[1]
L. Blancquaert et al., “Effects of histidine and β-alanine supplementation on human muscle carnosine storage,” MEDICINE AND SCIENCE IN SPORTS AND EXERCISE, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 602–609, 2017.
@article{8510627,
  abstract     = {{PURPOSE: Carnosine is a dipeptide composed of β-alanine and L-histidine and is present in skeletal muscle. Chronic oral β-alanine supplementation can induce muscle carnosine loading and is therefore seen as the rate-limiting factor for carnosine synthesis. However, the effect of L-histidine supplementation on carnosine levels in humans is never established. This study aims to investigate whether 1) L-histidine supplementation can induce muscle carnosine loading and 2) combined supplementation of both amino acids is more efficient than β-alanine supplementation alone.
METHODS: Fifteen male and 15 female participants were equally divided in three groups. Each group was supplemented with either pure β-alanine (BA) (6 g·d), L-histidine (HIS) (3.5 g·d), or both amino acids (BA + HIS). Before (D0), after 12 d (D12), and after 23 d (D23) of supplementation, carnosine content was evaluated in soleus and gastrocnemius medialis muscles by H-MRS, and venous blood samples were collected. Muscle biopsies were taken at D0 and D23 from the vastus lateralis. Plasma and muscle metabolites (β-alanine, histidine, and carnosine) were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography.
RESULTS: Both BA and BA + HIS groups showed increased carnosine concentrations in all investigated muscles, with no difference between these groups. By contrast, carnosine levels in the HIS group remained unaltered. Histidine levels were significantly decreased in plasma (-30.6%) and muscle (-31.6%) of the BA group, and this was prevented when β-alanine and L-histidine were supplemented simultaneously.
CONCLUSION: We confirm that β-alanine, and not L-histidine, is the rate-limiting precursor for carnosine synthesis in human skeletal muscle. Yet, although L-histidine is not rate limiting, its availability is not unlimited and gradually declines upon chronic β-alanine supplementation. The significance of this decline still needs to be determined, but may affect physiological processes such as protein synthesis.}},
  author       = {{Blancquaert, Laura and Everaert, Inge and Missinne, Maarten and Baguet, Audrey and Stegen, Sanne and Volkaert, Anneke and Petrovic, Mirko and Vervaet, Chris and Achten, Eric and De Maeyer, Mieke and De Henauw, Stefaan and Derave, Wim}},
  issn         = {{0195-9131}},
  journal      = {{MEDICINE AND SCIENCE IN SPORTS AND EXERCISE}},
  keywords     = {{CARNOSINE LOADING,ERGOGENIC SUPPLEMENTS,SKELETAL MUSCLE METABOLISM,SKELETAL-MUSCLE,EXERCISE PERFORMANCE,DIETARY HISTIDINE,AMINO-ACID,ANSERINE,SYNTHETASE,HISTAMINE,CAPACITY,HOMOCARNOSINE,RESISTANCE}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  number       = {{3}},
  pages        = {{602--609}},
  title        = {{Effects of histidine and β-alanine supplementation on human muscle carnosine storage}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000001213}},
  volume       = {{49}},
  year         = {{2017}},
}

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