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Jaw morphology and fighting forces in stag beetles

(2016) JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY. 219(18). p.2955-2961
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Abstract
The jaws of different species of stag beetles show a large variety of shapes and sizes. The male jaws are used as weapons in fights, and they may exert a very forceful bite in some species. We investigated in 16 species whether and how the forcefulness of their bite is reflected in their jaw morphology. We found a large range of maximal muscle forces (1.8-33 N; factor of 18). Species investing in large bite muscles also have disproportionately large jaw volumes. They use this additional jaw volume to elongate their jaws, increasing their chances of winning in battles. The fact that this also decreases the mechanical advantage is largely compensated for by elongated in-levers. As a result, high muscle forces are correlated with elevated bite forces (0.27-7.6 N; factor of 28). Despite the large difference in the forcefulness of their bite, all investigated species experience similar Von Mises stresses in their jaws while biting (29-114 MPa; factor of 4.0; calculated with finite element simulations). Hence, stag beetles have successfully adapted their jaw anatomy according to their bite force in fights.
Keywords
Animal weaponry, Bite force, Finite element analysis, Jaw length, Lucanidae, Mechanical advantage, FINITE-ELEMENT-ANALYSIS, MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES, COLEOPTERA LUCANIDAE, INSECT CUTICLE, LUCANUS-CERVUS, EVOLUTION, BEHAVIOR, DIMORPHISM, MANDIBLES, SIZE

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MLA
Goyens, Jana, et al. “Jaw Morphology and Fighting Forces in Stag Beetles.” JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY, vol. 219, no. 18, 2016, pp. 2955–61, doi:10.1242/jeb.141614.
APA
Goyens, J., Dirckx, J., & Aerts, P. (2016). Jaw morphology and fighting forces in stag beetles. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY, 219(18), 2955–2961. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.141614
Chicago author-date
Goyens, Jana, Joris Dirckx, and Peter Aerts. 2016. “Jaw Morphology and Fighting Forces in Stag Beetles.” JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY 219 (18): 2955–61. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.141614.
Chicago author-date (all authors)
Goyens, Jana, Joris Dirckx, and Peter Aerts. 2016. “Jaw Morphology and Fighting Forces in Stag Beetles.” JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY 219 (18): 2955–2961. doi:10.1242/jeb.141614.
Vancouver
1.
Goyens J, Dirckx J, Aerts P. Jaw morphology and fighting forces in stag beetles. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY. 2016;219(18):2955–61.
IEEE
[1]
J. Goyens, J. Dirckx, and P. Aerts, “Jaw morphology and fighting forces in stag beetles,” JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY, vol. 219, no. 18, pp. 2955–2961, 2016.
@article{8502673,
  abstract     = {{The jaws of different species of stag beetles show a large variety of shapes and sizes. The male jaws are used as weapons in fights, and they may exert a very forceful bite in some species. We investigated in 16 species whether and how the forcefulness of their bite is reflected in their jaw morphology. We found a large range of maximal muscle forces (1.8-33 N; factor of 18). Species investing in large bite muscles also have disproportionately large jaw volumes. They use this additional jaw volume to elongate their jaws, increasing their chances of winning in battles. The fact that this also decreases the mechanical advantage is largely compensated for by elongated in-levers. As a result, high muscle forces are correlated with elevated bite forces (0.27-7.6 N; factor of 28). Despite the large difference in the forcefulness of their bite, all investigated species experience similar Von Mises stresses in their jaws while biting (29-114 MPa; factor of 4.0; calculated with finite element simulations). Hence, stag beetles have successfully adapted their jaw anatomy according to their bite force in fights.}},
  author       = {{Goyens, Jana and Dirckx, Joris and Aerts, Peter}},
  issn         = {{0022-0949}},
  journal      = {{JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY}},
  keywords     = {{Animal weaponry,Bite force,Finite element analysis,Jaw length,Lucanidae,Mechanical advantage,FINITE-ELEMENT-ANALYSIS,MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES,COLEOPTERA LUCANIDAE,INSECT CUTICLE,LUCANUS-CERVUS,EVOLUTION,BEHAVIOR,DIMORPHISM,MANDIBLES,SIZE}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  number       = {{18}},
  pages        = {{2955--2961}},
  title        = {{Jaw morphology and fighting forces in stag beetles}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.141614}},
  volume       = {{219}},
  year         = {{2016}},
}

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