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Molecular identification of hookworm isolates in humans, dogs and soil in a tribal area in Tamil Nadu, India

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Abstract
Background : Hookworms (Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale) remain a major public health problem worldwide. Infections with hookworms (e.g., A. caninum, A. ceylanicum and A. braziliense) are also prevalent in dogs, but the role of dogs as a reservoir for zoonotic hookworm infections in humans needs to be further explored. Methodology/Principal Findings : As part of an open-label community based cluster-randomized trial in a tribal area in Tamil Nadu (India; 2013-2015), a total of 143 isolates of hookworm eggs from human stool were speciated based on a previously described PCR-RFLP methodology. The presence of hookworm DNA was confirmed in 119 of 143 human samples. N. americanus (100%) was the most prevalent species, followed by A. caninum (16.8%) and A. duodenale (8.4%). Because of the high prevalence of A. caninum in humans, dog samples were also collected to assess the prevalence of A. caninum in dogs. In 68 out of 77 canine stool samples the presence of hookworms was confirmed using PCR-RFLP. In dogs, both A. caninum (76.4%) and A. ceylanicum (27.9%) were identified. Additionally, to determine the contamination of soil with zoonotic hookworm larvae, topsoil was collected from defecating areas. Hookworm DNA was detected in 72 out of 78 soil samples that revealed presence of hook-worm-like nematode larvae. In soil, different hookworm species were identified, with animal hookworms being more prevalent (A. ceylanicum: 60.2%, A. caninum: 29.4%, A. duodenale: 16.6%, N. americanus: 1.4%, A. braziliense: 1.4%). Conclusions/Significance : In our study we regularly detected the presence of A. caninum DNA in the stool of humans. Whether this is the result of infection is currently unknown but it does warrant a closer look at dogs as a potential reservoir.
Keywords
COMMUNITY, EOSINOPHILIC ENTERITIS, PREVALENCE, CANINUM, SCHISTOSOMIASIS, LARVA MIGRANS, GASTROINTESTINAL PARASITES, ANCYLOSTOMA-CEYLANICUM, TRICHURIS-VULPIS, TRANSMITTED HELMINTH INFECTIONS

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MLA
George, Santosh, et al. “Molecular Identification of Hookworm Isolates in Humans, Dogs and Soil in a Tribal Area in Tamil Nadu, India.” PLOS NEGLECTED TROPICAL DISEASES, vol. 10, no. 8, 2016, doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0004891.
APA
George, S., Levecke, B., Kattula, D., Velusamy, V., Roy, S., Geldhof, P., … Kang, G. (2016). Molecular identification of hookworm isolates in humans, dogs and soil in a tribal area in Tamil Nadu, India. PLOS NEGLECTED TROPICAL DISEASES, 10(8). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0004891
Chicago author-date
George, Santosh, Bruno Levecke, Deepthi Kattula, Vasanthakumar Velusamy, Sheela Roy, Peter Geldhof, Rajiv Sarkar, and Gagandeep Kang. 2016. “Molecular Identification of Hookworm Isolates in Humans, Dogs and Soil in a Tribal Area in Tamil Nadu, India.” PLOS NEGLECTED TROPICAL DISEASES 10 (8). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0004891.
Chicago author-date (all authors)
George, Santosh, Bruno Levecke, Deepthi Kattula, Vasanthakumar Velusamy, Sheela Roy, Peter Geldhof, Rajiv Sarkar, and Gagandeep Kang. 2016. “Molecular Identification of Hookworm Isolates in Humans, Dogs and Soil in a Tribal Area in Tamil Nadu, India.” PLOS NEGLECTED TROPICAL DISEASES 10 (8). doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0004891.
Vancouver
1.
George S, Levecke B, Kattula D, Velusamy V, Roy S, Geldhof P, et al. Molecular identification of hookworm isolates in humans, dogs and soil in a tribal area in Tamil Nadu, India. PLOS NEGLECTED TROPICAL DISEASES. 2016;10(8).
IEEE
[1]
S. George et al., “Molecular identification of hookworm isolates in humans, dogs and soil in a tribal area in Tamil Nadu, India,” PLOS NEGLECTED TROPICAL DISEASES, vol. 10, no. 8, 2016.
@article{8116572,
  abstract     = {{Background : Hookworms (Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale) remain a major public health problem worldwide. Infections with hookworms (e.g., A. caninum, A. ceylanicum and A. braziliense) are also prevalent in dogs, but the role of dogs as a reservoir for zoonotic hookworm infections in humans needs to be further explored. 
Methodology/Principal Findings : As part of an open-label community based cluster-randomized trial in a tribal area in Tamil Nadu (India; 2013-2015), a total of 143 isolates of hookworm eggs from human stool were speciated based on a previously described PCR-RFLP methodology. The presence of hookworm DNA was confirmed in 119 of 143 human samples. N. americanus (100%) was the most prevalent species, followed by A. caninum (16.8%) and A. duodenale (8.4%). Because of the high prevalence of A. caninum in humans, dog samples were also collected to assess the prevalence of A. caninum in dogs. In 68 out of 77 canine stool samples the presence of hookworms was confirmed using PCR-RFLP. In dogs, both A. caninum (76.4%) and A. ceylanicum (27.9%) were identified. Additionally, to determine the contamination of soil with zoonotic hookworm larvae, topsoil was collected from defecating areas. Hookworm DNA was detected in 72 out of 78 soil samples that revealed presence of hook-worm-like nematode larvae. In soil, different hookworm species were identified, with animal hookworms being more prevalent (A. ceylanicum: 60.2%, A. caninum: 29.4%, A. duodenale: 16.6%, N. americanus: 1.4%, A. braziliense: 1.4%). 
Conclusions/Significance : In our study we regularly detected the presence of A. caninum DNA in the stool of humans. Whether this is the result of infection is currently unknown but it does warrant a closer look at dogs as a potential reservoir.}},
  articleno    = {{e0004891}},
  author       = {{George, Santosh and Levecke, Bruno and Kattula, Deepthi and Velusamy, Vasanthakumar and Roy, Sheela and Geldhof, Peter and Sarkar, Rajiv and Kang, Gagandeep}},
  issn         = {{1935-2735}},
  journal      = {{PLOS NEGLECTED TROPICAL DISEASES}},
  keywords     = {{COMMUNITY,EOSINOPHILIC ENTERITIS,PREVALENCE,CANINUM,SCHISTOSOMIASIS,LARVA MIGRANS,GASTROINTESTINAL PARASITES,ANCYLOSTOMA-CEYLANICUM,TRICHURIS-VULPIS,TRANSMITTED HELMINTH INFECTIONS}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  number       = {{8}},
  pages        = {{14}},
  title        = {{Molecular identification of hookworm isolates in humans, dogs and soil in a tribal area in Tamil Nadu, India}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0004891}},
  volume       = {{10}},
  year         = {{2016}},
}

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