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The gender gap in sport event attendance in Europe : the impact of macro-level gender equality

Susan Lagaert (UGent) and Henk Roose (UGent)
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Abstract
This paper studies the gender gap in sport event attendance – characterized by higher male and lower female participation – using a macro-sociological and cross-national comparative approach. We argue that because gender is produced and justified in the realm of sport, gender gaps in sport event attendance may be more pronounced in some societies than others, depending on the position women and men have in the particular context in which someone ‘does’ his/her gender. So, in addition to individual attributes, one has to consider the societal, macro-level gender equality in order to understand the individual-level gender inequalities in sport event attendance. Using multilevel analyses on Eurobarometer data (2007), we evaluate whether the size of the gender gap in sport event attendance varies across European Union (EU) countries and how this variation relates to societal gender equality, as measured by the Gender Equality Index of the European Institute for Gender Equality. We find higher male than female attendance in all EU countries, but also conclude that higher levels of macro-level gender equality are associated with smaller gender gaps in sport event attendance.
Keywords
macro-level gender equality, Europe, sport event attendance, multilevel analysis, gender

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MLA
Lagaert, Susan, and Henk Roose. “The Gender Gap in Sport Event Attendance in Europe : The Impact of Macro-Level Gender Equality.” INTERNATIONAL REVIEW FOR THE SOCIOLOGY OF SPORT, vol. 53, no. 5, 2018, pp. 533–49, doi:10.1177/1012690216671019.
APA
Lagaert, S., & Roose, H. (2018). The gender gap in sport event attendance in Europe : the impact of macro-level gender equality. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW FOR THE SOCIOLOGY OF SPORT, 53(5), 533–549. https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690216671019
Chicago author-date
Lagaert, Susan, and Henk Roose. 2018. “The Gender Gap in Sport Event Attendance in Europe : The Impact of Macro-Level Gender Equality.” INTERNATIONAL REVIEW FOR THE SOCIOLOGY OF SPORT 53 (5): 533–49. https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690216671019.
Chicago author-date (all authors)
Lagaert, Susan, and Henk Roose. 2018. “The Gender Gap in Sport Event Attendance in Europe : The Impact of Macro-Level Gender Equality.” INTERNATIONAL REVIEW FOR THE SOCIOLOGY OF SPORT 53 (5): 533–549. doi:10.1177/1012690216671019.
Vancouver
1.
Lagaert S, Roose H. The gender gap in sport event attendance in Europe : the impact of macro-level gender equality. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW FOR THE SOCIOLOGY OF SPORT. 2018;53(5):533–49.
IEEE
[1]
S. Lagaert and H. Roose, “The gender gap in sport event attendance in Europe : the impact of macro-level gender equality,” INTERNATIONAL REVIEW FOR THE SOCIOLOGY OF SPORT, vol. 53, no. 5, pp. 533–549, 2018.
@article{8102378,
  abstract     = {{This paper studies the gender gap in sport event attendance – characterized by higher male and lower female participation – using a macro-sociological and cross-national comparative approach. We argue that because gender is produced and justified in the realm of sport, gender gaps in sport event attendance may be more pronounced in some societies than others, depending on the position women and men have in the particular context in which someone ‘does’ his/her gender. So, in addition to individual attributes, one has to consider the societal, macro-level gender equality in order to understand the individual-level gender inequalities in sport event attendance. Using multilevel analyses on Eurobarometer data (2007), we evaluate whether the size of the gender gap in sport event attendance varies across European Union (EU) countries and how this variation relates to societal gender equality, as measured by the Gender Equality Index of the European Institute for Gender Equality. We find higher male than female attendance in all EU countries, but also conclude that higher levels of macro-level gender equality are associated with smaller gender gaps in sport event attendance.}},
  author       = {{Lagaert, Susan and Roose, Henk}},
  issn         = {{1012-6902}},
  journal      = {{INTERNATIONAL REVIEW FOR THE SOCIOLOGY OF SPORT}},
  keywords     = {{macro-level gender equality,Europe,sport event attendance,multilevel analysis,gender}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  number       = {{5}},
  pages        = {{533--549}},
  title        = {{The gender gap in sport event attendance in Europe : the impact of macro-level gender equality}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.1177/1012690216671019}},
  volume       = {{53}},
  year         = {{2018}},
}

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