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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring cell death in higher eukaryotes

(2009) CELL DEATH AND DIFFERENTIATION. 16(8). p.1093-1107
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Abstract
Cell death is essential for a plethora of physiological processes, and its deregulation characterizes numerous human diseases. Thus, the in-depth investigation of cell death and its mechanisms constitutes a formidable challenge for fundamental and applied biomedical research, and has tremendous implications for the development of novel therapeutic strategies. It is, therefore, of utmost importance to standardize the experimental procedures that identify dying and dead cells in cell cultures and/or in tissues, from model organisms and/or humans, in healthy and/or pathological scenarios. Thus far, dozens of methods have been proposed to quantify cell death-related parameters. However, no guidelines exist regarding their use and interpretation, and nobody has thoroughly annotated the experimental settings for which each of these techniques is most appropriate. Here, we provide a nonexhaustive comparison of methods to detect cell death with apoptotic or nonapoptotic morphologies, their advantages and pitfalls. These guidelines are intended for investigators who study cell death, as well as for reviewers who need to constructively critique scientific reports that deal with cellular demise. Given the difficulties in determining the exact number of cells that have passed the point-of-no-return of the signaling cascades leading to cell death, we emphasize the importance of performing multiple, methodologically unrelated assays to quantify dying and dead cells.
Keywords
INDUCED THYMOCYTE APOPTOSIS, RELEASE, MITOCHONDRIAL-MEMBRANE PERMEABILIZATION, CYTOCHROME-C, CANCER-CELLS, FLOW-CYTOMETRY, OXIDATIVE STRESS, AUTOPHAGY, NUCLEAR-DNA, DROSOPHILA

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Citation

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MLA
Galluzzi, L., et al. “Guidelines for the Use and Interpretation of Assays for Monitoring Cell Death in Higher Eukaryotes.” CELL DEATH AND DIFFERENTIATION, vol. 16, no. 8, NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP, 2009, pp. 1093–107, doi:10.1038/cdd.2009.44.
APA
Galluzzi, L., Aaronson, S., Abrams, J., Alnemri, E., Andrews, D., Baehrecke, E., … Kroemer, G. (2009). Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring cell death in higher eukaryotes. CELL DEATH AND DIFFERENTIATION, 16(8), 1093–1107. https://doi.org/10.1038/cdd.2009.44
Chicago author-date
Galluzzi, L, SA Aaronson, J Abrams, ES Alnemri, DW Andrews, EH Baehrecke, NG Bazan, et al. 2009. “Guidelines for the Use and Interpretation of Assays for Monitoring Cell Death in Higher Eukaryotes.” CELL DEATH AND DIFFERENTIATION 16 (8): 1093–1107. https://doi.org/10.1038/cdd.2009.44.
Chicago author-date (all authors)
Galluzzi, L, SA Aaronson, J Abrams, ES Alnemri, DW Andrews, EH Baehrecke, NG Bazan, MV Blagosklonny, K Blomgren, C Borner, DE Bredesen, C Brenner, M Castedo, JA Cidlowski, A Ciechanover, GM Cohen, V De Laurenzi, R De Maria, M Deshmukh, BD Dynlacht, WS El-Deiry, RA Flavell, S Fulda, C Garrido, P Golstein, ML Gougeon, DR Green, H Gronemeyer, G Hajnoczky, JM Hardwick, MO Hengartner, H Ichijo, M Jaattela, O Kepp, A Kimchi, DJ Klionsky, RA Knight, S Kornbluth, S Kumar, B Levine, SA Lipton, E Lugli, F Madeo, W Malorni, Jean-Christophe Marine, SJ Martin, JP Medema, P Mehlen, G Melino, UM Moll, E Morselli, S Nagata, DW Nicholson, P Nicotera, G Nunez, M Oren, J Penninger, S Pervaiz, ME Peter, M Piacentini, JHM Prehn, H Puthalakath, GA Rabinovich, R Rizzuto, CMP Rodrigues, DC Rubinsztein, T Rudel, L Scorrano, HU Simon, H Steller, J Tschopp, Y Tsujimoto, Peter Vandenabeele, I Vitale, KH Vousden, RJ Youle, J Yuan, B Zhivotovsky, and G Kroemer. 2009. “Guidelines for the Use and Interpretation of Assays for Monitoring Cell Death in Higher Eukaryotes.” CELL DEATH AND DIFFERENTIATION 16 (8): 1093–1107. doi:10.1038/cdd.2009.44.
Vancouver
1.
Galluzzi L, Aaronson S, Abrams J, Alnemri E, Andrews D, Baehrecke E, et al. Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring cell death in higher eukaryotes. CELL DEATH AND DIFFERENTIATION. 2009;16(8):1093–107.
IEEE
[1]
L. Galluzzi et al., “Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring cell death in higher eukaryotes,” CELL DEATH AND DIFFERENTIATION, vol. 16, no. 8, pp. 1093–1107, 2009.
@article{787247,
  abstract     = {{Cell death is essential for a plethora of physiological processes, and its deregulation characterizes numerous human diseases.
Thus, the in-depth investigation of cell death and its mechanisms constitutes a formidable challenge for fundamental and applied
biomedical research, and has tremendous implications for the development of novel therapeutic strategies. It is, therefore, of
utmost importance to standardize the experimental procedures that identify dying and dead cells in cell cultures and/or in
tissues, from model organisms and/or humans, in healthy and/or pathological scenarios. Thus far, dozens of methods have been
proposed to quantify cell death-related parameters. However, no guidelines exist regarding their use and interpretation, and
nobody has thoroughly annotated the experimental settings for which each of these techniques is most appropriate. Here, we
provide a nonexhaustive comparison of methods to detect cell death with apoptotic or nonapoptotic morphologies, their
advantages and pitfalls. These guidelines are intended for investigators who study cell death, as well as for reviewers who need
to constructively critique scientific reports that deal with cellular demise. Given the difficulties in determining the exact number
of cells that have passed the point-of-no-return of the signaling cascades leading to cell death, we emphasize the importance of
performing multiple, methodologically unrelated assays to quantify dying and dead cells.}},
  author       = {{Galluzzi, L and Aaronson, SA and Abrams, J and Alnemri, ES and Andrews, DW and Baehrecke, EH and Bazan, NG and Blagosklonny, MV and Blomgren, K and Borner, C and Bredesen, DE and Brenner, C and Castedo, M and Cidlowski, JA and Ciechanover, A and Cohen, GM and De Laurenzi, V and De Maria, R and Deshmukh, M and Dynlacht, BD and El-Deiry, WS and Flavell, RA and Fulda, S and Garrido, C and Golstein, P and Gougeon, ML and Green, DR and Gronemeyer, H and Hajnoczky, G and Hardwick, JM and Hengartner, MO and Ichijo, H and Jaattela, M and Kepp, O and Kimchi, A and Klionsky, DJ and Knight, RA and Kornbluth, S and Kumar, S and Levine, B and Lipton, SA and Lugli, E and Madeo, F and Malorni, W and Marine, Jean-Christophe and Martin, SJ and Medema, JP and Mehlen, P and Melino, G and Moll, UM and Morselli, E and Nagata, S and Nicholson, DW and Nicotera, P and Nunez, G and Oren, M and Penninger, J and Pervaiz, S and Peter, ME and Piacentini, M and Prehn, JHM and Puthalakath, H and Rabinovich, GA and Rizzuto, R and Rodrigues, CMP and Rubinsztein, DC and Rudel, T and Scorrano, L and Simon, HU and Steller, H and Tschopp, J and Tsujimoto, Y and Vandenabeele, Peter and Vitale, I and Vousden, KH and Youle, RJ and Yuan, J and Zhivotovsky, B and Kroemer, G}},
  issn         = {{1350-9047}},
  journal      = {{CELL DEATH AND DIFFERENTIATION}},
  keywords     = {{INDUCED THYMOCYTE APOPTOSIS,RELEASE,MITOCHONDRIAL-MEMBRANE PERMEABILIZATION,CYTOCHROME-C,CANCER-CELLS,FLOW-CYTOMETRY,OXIDATIVE STRESS,AUTOPHAGY,NUCLEAR-DNA,DROSOPHILA}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  number       = {{8}},
  pages        = {{1093--1107}},
  publisher    = {{NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP}},
  title        = {{Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring cell death in higher eukaryotes}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.1038/cdd.2009.44}},
  volume       = {{16}},
  year         = {{2009}},
}

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