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Biological methods to enhance bone healing and fracture repair

René Verdonk (UGent) , YANNICK GOUBAU (UGent) , Karl Almqvist (UGent) and Peter Verdonk (UGent)
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Abstract
This article looks into normal physiological fracture healing with special emphasis on the diamond concept. A precise definition of nonunion of long bones is described. Most often inadequate fixation (too rigid or too loose) is the reason for nonunion in long bone fractures. Because a critical bone defect cannot be bridged, it may lead directly or indirectly (lack of fixation) to nonunion. Individual inadequate local biological characteristics are also often found to be the cause; poor soft tissue coverage as well as a lack of periosteum and muscle or fascia or skin defects can lead to compromised vascularity in situ. Systemic factors are now much more recognized, e. g., smoking, diabetes, and cachexia, as well as the limited impact of some medications, e. g., nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and steroids. Today's mode of treatment for nonunion is approached in this article, and suggestions for appropriate treatment of long bone nonunion is presented.
Keywords
DIAMOND CONCEPT, MORPHOGENETIC PROTEINS, OPTIONS

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MLA
Verdonk, René, et al. “Biological Methods to Enhance Bone Healing and Fracture Repair.” ARTHROSCOPY-THE JOURNAL OF ARTHROSCOPIC AND RELATED SURGERY, vol. 31, no. 4, 2015, pp. 715–18, doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2014.11.045.
APA
Verdonk, R., GOUBAU, Y., Almqvist, K., & Verdonk, P. (2015). Biological methods to enhance bone healing and fracture repair. ARTHROSCOPY-THE JOURNAL OF ARTHROSCOPIC AND RELATED SURGERY, 31(4), 715–718. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2014.11.045
Chicago author-date
Verdonk, René, YANNICK GOUBAU, Karl Almqvist, and Peter Verdonk. 2015. “Biological Methods to Enhance Bone Healing and Fracture Repair.” ARTHROSCOPY-THE JOURNAL OF ARTHROSCOPIC AND RELATED SURGERY 31 (4): 715–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2014.11.045.
Chicago author-date (all authors)
Verdonk, René, YANNICK GOUBAU, Karl Almqvist, and Peter Verdonk. 2015. “Biological Methods to Enhance Bone Healing and Fracture Repair.” ARTHROSCOPY-THE JOURNAL OF ARTHROSCOPIC AND RELATED SURGERY 31 (4): 715–718. doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2014.11.045.
Vancouver
1.
Verdonk R, GOUBAU Y, Almqvist K, Verdonk P. Biological methods to enhance bone healing and fracture repair. ARTHROSCOPY-THE JOURNAL OF ARTHROSCOPIC AND RELATED SURGERY. 2015;31(4):715–8.
IEEE
[1]
R. Verdonk, Y. GOUBAU, K. Almqvist, and P. Verdonk, “Biological methods to enhance bone healing and fracture repair,” ARTHROSCOPY-THE JOURNAL OF ARTHROSCOPIC AND RELATED SURGERY, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 715–718, 2015.
@article{7037480,
  abstract     = {{This article looks into normal physiological fracture healing with special emphasis on the diamond concept. A precise definition of nonunion of long bones is described. Most often inadequate fixation (too rigid or too loose) is the reason for nonunion in long bone fractures. Because a critical bone defect cannot be bridged, it may lead directly or indirectly (lack of fixation) to nonunion. Individual inadequate local biological characteristics are also often found to be the cause; poor soft tissue coverage as well as a lack of periosteum and muscle or fascia or skin defects can lead to compromised vascularity in situ. Systemic factors are now much more recognized, e. g., smoking, diabetes, and cachexia, as well as the limited impact of some medications, e. g., nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and steroids. Today's mode of treatment for nonunion is approached in this article, and suggestions for appropriate treatment of long bone nonunion is presented.}},
  author       = {{Verdonk, René and GOUBAU, YANNICK and Almqvist, Karl and Verdonk, Peter}},
  issn         = {{0749-8063}},
  journal      = {{ARTHROSCOPY-THE JOURNAL OF ARTHROSCOPIC AND RELATED SURGERY}},
  keywords     = {{DIAMOND CONCEPT,MORPHOGENETIC PROTEINS,OPTIONS}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  number       = {{4}},
  pages        = {{715--718}},
  title        = {{Biological methods to enhance bone healing and fracture repair}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2014.11.045}},
  volume       = {{31}},
  year         = {{2015}},
}

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