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Element concentrations in urban grass cuttings from roadside verges in the face of energy recovery

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Abstract
Grass from municipal roadside verges is a potential yet largely unused resource for bioenergy recovery, which is mainly due to its unknown elemental composition. Therefore, we measured the concentration of 16 elements (Ca, K, Mg, N, Na, P, S, Al, Cd, Cl, Cr, Cu, Mn, Pb, Si and Zn) in a material from the city of Kassel harvested in different management intensities. The element concentrations were mainly close to reference values of agricultural or nature conservation grassland and usually within the range of literature data. Concentrations of most elements, including heavy metals, were below limiting values. Only N and Cl concentrations in the raw material exceeded the limiting values for combustion, but washing and dewatering of the biomass with the "integrated generation of solid fuel and biogas from biomass" technique resulted in concentrations in the press cake well below the limiting values. Considering the element concentrations of grass from urban roadside verges, utilisation for energy recovery may be possible, provided an appropriate technology is applied.
Keywords
Urban biomass, Contamination, Roadside verge, Bioenergy, IFBB, Trace elements, INTEGRATED GENERATION, SOLID-FUEL, MECHANICAL DEHYDRATION, HEAVY-METALS, CO-DIGESTION, BIOGAS, SOILS, ACCUMULATION, BIOMASS, LEAVES

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Citation

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MLA
Piepenschneider, Meike, et al. “Element Concentrations in Urban Grass Cuttings from Roadside Verges in the Face of Energy Recovery.” ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH, vol. 22, no. 10, 2015, pp. 7808–20, doi:10.1007/s11356-014-3881-9.
APA
Piepenschneider, M., De Moor, S., Hensgen, F., Meers, E., & Wachendorf, M. (2015). Element concentrations in urban grass cuttings from roadside verges in the face of energy recovery. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH, 22(10), 7808–7820. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-3881-9
Chicago author-date
Piepenschneider, Meike, Sofie De Moor, Frank Hensgen, Erik Meers, and Michael Wachendorf. 2015. “Element Concentrations in Urban Grass Cuttings from Roadside Verges in the Face of Energy Recovery.” ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH 22 (10): 7808–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-3881-9.
Chicago author-date (all authors)
Piepenschneider, Meike, Sofie De Moor, Frank Hensgen, Erik Meers, and Michael Wachendorf. 2015. “Element Concentrations in Urban Grass Cuttings from Roadside Verges in the Face of Energy Recovery.” ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH 22 (10): 7808–7820. doi:10.1007/s11356-014-3881-9.
Vancouver
1.
Piepenschneider M, De Moor S, Hensgen F, Meers E, Wachendorf M. Element concentrations in urban grass cuttings from roadside verges in the face of energy recovery. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH. 2015;22(10):7808–20.
IEEE
[1]
M. Piepenschneider, S. De Moor, F. Hensgen, E. Meers, and M. Wachendorf, “Element concentrations in urban grass cuttings from roadside verges in the face of energy recovery,” ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH, vol. 22, no. 10, pp. 7808–7820, 2015.
@article{7002398,
  abstract     = {{Grass from municipal roadside verges is a potential yet largely unused resource for bioenergy recovery, which is mainly due to its unknown elemental composition. Therefore, we measured the concentration of 16 elements (Ca, K, Mg, N, Na, P, S, Al, Cd, Cl, Cr, Cu, Mn, Pb, Si and Zn) in a material from the city of Kassel harvested in different management intensities. The element concentrations were mainly close to reference values of agricultural or nature conservation grassland and usually within the range of literature data. Concentrations of most elements, including heavy metals, were below limiting values. Only N and Cl concentrations in the raw material exceeded the limiting values for combustion, but washing and dewatering of the biomass with the "integrated generation of solid fuel and biogas from biomass" technique resulted in concentrations in the press cake well below the limiting values. Considering the element concentrations of grass from urban roadside verges, utilisation for energy recovery may be possible, provided an appropriate technology is applied.}},
  author       = {{Piepenschneider, Meike and De Moor, Sofie and Hensgen, Frank and Meers, Erik and Wachendorf, Michael}},
  issn         = {{0944-1344}},
  journal      = {{ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH}},
  keywords     = {{Urban biomass,Contamination,Roadside verge,Bioenergy,IFBB,Trace elements,INTEGRATED GENERATION,SOLID-FUEL,MECHANICAL DEHYDRATION,HEAVY-METALS,CO-DIGESTION,BIOGAS,SOILS,ACCUMULATION,BIOMASS,LEAVES}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  number       = {{10}},
  pages        = {{7808--7820}},
  title        = {{Element concentrations in urban grass cuttings from roadside verges in the face of energy recovery}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-3881-9}},
  volume       = {{22}},
  year         = {{2015}},
}

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