@inproceedings{698551,
  abstract     = {{Micro X-ray Fluorescence (µ-XRF) is a rapidly evolving analytical technique which allows visualizing the trace level metal distributions within a specimen in an essentially non-destructive manner. Using a laboratory µ-XRF spectrometer, ppm detection limits can be obtained with a spatial resolution of 10-20 µm. However, at second- and third generation synchrotron radiation (SR) sources, detection limits at the sub-ppm level can be obtained with a potential lateral resolution level better than 100 nm. 
These characteristics of micro/nanobeam SR-XRF allow spatially resolved multi-element determination of major, minor and trace constituents in microscopic sub-areas and volumes within biological specimens in an essentially non-destructive/non-invasive manner. However, the complexity of performing such an experiment is often quite considerable, involving dedicated sample preparation, transportation towards and experimenting at the synchrotron facility, installing an appropriate experimental set-up and performing a thorough data analysis on large amounts of spectral data.
The ecotoxicological research on Daphnia magna, a frequently used model organism for investigating the mechanisms of toxicity of metals, has often been difficult because many analytical techniques are not able to investigate trace metal distributions in a spatially resolved manner at a (sub)microscopic resolution. A laboratory µ-XRF spectrometer (EDAX Eagle III) allowed us to precharacterize the major/minor element distributions within Daphnia magna with a moderate spatial resolution of approximately 20 µm. However, synchrotron radiation µ-XRF experiments were necessary (Beamline L, HASYLAB) with substantially increased elemental sensitivities to “virtually dissect” the tissue specific Zn accumulation within Daphnia magna. This work demonstrates the use of combined X-ray techniques, including two-dimensional (2D) µ-XRF, XRF micro-CT, confocal µ-XRF and absorption microtomography under conventional and cryogenic sample environments.}},
  author       = {{De Samber, Björn and Evens, Roel and De Schamphelaere, Karel and Masschaele, Bert and Silversmit, Geert and Schoonjans, Tom and Vekemans, Bart and Van Hoorebeke, Luc and Vanhaecke, Frank and Janssen, Colin and Bohic, Sylvain and Wellenreuther, Gerd and Rickers, Karen and Falkenberg, Gerald and Vincze, Laszlo}},
  booktitle    = {{Micro and Trace X-ray Analysis, JST Symposium, Abstracts}},
  editor       = {{Tsuji, Kouichi}},
  keywords     = {{ecotoxicology,synchrotron,Daphnia magna,micro-XRF}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  location     = {{Osaka, Japan}},
  pages        = {{45--46}},
  publisher    = {{Sowa Information Control Center}},
  title        = {{Laboratory and synchrotron radiation micro and nano X-ray fluorescence}},
  year         = {{2009}},
}