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Uncommon occurrence ratios of aflatoxin B-1, B-2, G(1), and G(2) in maize and groundnuts from Malawi

Limbikani Matumba (UGent) , Michael Sulyok, Samuel MC Njoroge, Emmanuel Njumbe Ediage (UGent) , Christof Van Poucke (UGent) , Sarah De Saeger (UGent) and Rudolf Krska
(2015) MYCOTOXIN RESEARCH. 31(1). p.57-62
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Abstract
We report an unusual aflatoxin profile in maize and groundnuts from Malawi, with aflatoxin G(1) found routinely at equal or even higher levels than aflatoxin B-1. Aflatoxin B-1 (AFB(1)) ratio in a contaminated sample is generally greater than 50 % of total aflatoxin (sum of aflatoxin B-1, B-2, G(1), and G(2)). In Malawi, the aflatoxin occurrence ratios were determined by examining LC-MS/MS and HPLC fluorescence detection (FLD) data of 156 naturally contaminated raw maize and 80 groundnut samples collected in 2011 and 2012. Results showed that natural aflatoxin occurrence ratio differed. In 47 % of the samples, the concentration of AFG(1) was higher than that of AFB(1). The mean concentration percentages of AFB(1)/AFB(2)/AFG(1)/AFG(2) in reference to total aflatoxins were found to be 47: 5: 43: 5 %, respectively. The AFG(1) and AFB(1) 50/50 trend was observed in maize and groundnuts and was consistent for samples collected in both years. If the AFB(1) measurement was used to check compliance of total aflatoxin regulatory limit set at 10, 20, 100, and 200 mu g/kg with an assumption that AFB(1)>= 50 % of the total aflatoxin content, 8, 13, 24, and 26 % false negative rates would have occurred respectively. It is therefore important for legislation to consider total aflatoxins rather than AFB(1) alone.
Keywords
Maize, Aflatoxin ratios, Groundnuts, Malawi, ASPERGILLUS-PARASITICUS, SECTION FLAVI, BIOSYNTHETIC RELATIONSHIP, PEANUT PRODUCTS, CONTAMINATION, NOMIUS, BRAZIL, GENES, ELISA, FOOD

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MLA
Matumba, Limbikani, et al. “Uncommon Occurrence Ratios of Aflatoxin B-1, B-2, G(1), and G(2) in Maize and Groundnuts from Malawi.” MYCOTOXIN RESEARCH, vol. 31, no. 1, 2015, pp. 57–62, doi:10.1007/s12550-014-0209-z.
APA
Matumba, L., Sulyok, M., Njoroge, S. M., Njumbe Ediage, E., Van Poucke, C., De Saeger, S., & Krska, R. (2015). Uncommon occurrence ratios of aflatoxin B-1, B-2, G(1), and G(2) in maize and groundnuts from Malawi. MYCOTOXIN RESEARCH, 31(1), 57–62. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12550-014-0209-z
Chicago author-date
Matumba, Limbikani, Michael Sulyok, Samuel MC Njoroge, Emmanuel Njumbe Ediage, Christof Van Poucke, Sarah De Saeger, and Rudolf Krska. 2015. “Uncommon Occurrence Ratios of Aflatoxin B-1, B-2, G(1), and G(2) in Maize and Groundnuts from Malawi.” MYCOTOXIN RESEARCH 31 (1): 57–62. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12550-014-0209-z.
Chicago author-date (all authors)
Matumba, Limbikani, Michael Sulyok, Samuel MC Njoroge, Emmanuel Njumbe Ediage, Christof Van Poucke, Sarah De Saeger, and Rudolf Krska. 2015. “Uncommon Occurrence Ratios of Aflatoxin B-1, B-2, G(1), and G(2) in Maize and Groundnuts from Malawi.” MYCOTOXIN RESEARCH 31 (1): 57–62. doi:10.1007/s12550-014-0209-z.
Vancouver
1.
Matumba L, Sulyok M, Njoroge SM, Njumbe Ediage E, Van Poucke C, De Saeger S, et al. Uncommon occurrence ratios of aflatoxin B-1, B-2, G(1), and G(2) in maize and groundnuts from Malawi. MYCOTOXIN RESEARCH. 2015;31(1):57–62.
IEEE
[1]
L. Matumba et al., “Uncommon occurrence ratios of aflatoxin B-1, B-2, G(1), and G(2) in maize and groundnuts from Malawi,” MYCOTOXIN RESEARCH, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 57–62, 2015.
@article{6985299,
  abstract     = {{We report an unusual aflatoxin profile in maize and groundnuts from Malawi, with aflatoxin G(1) found routinely at equal or even higher levels than aflatoxin B-1. Aflatoxin B-1 (AFB(1)) ratio in a contaminated sample is generally greater than 50 % of total aflatoxin (sum of aflatoxin B-1, B-2, G(1), and G(2)). In Malawi, the aflatoxin occurrence ratios were determined by examining LC-MS/MS and HPLC fluorescence detection (FLD) data of 156 naturally contaminated raw maize and 80 groundnut samples collected in 2011 and 2012. Results showed that natural aflatoxin occurrence ratio differed. In 47 % of the samples, the concentration of AFG(1) was higher than that of AFB(1). The mean concentration percentages of AFB(1)/AFB(2)/AFG(1)/AFG(2) in reference to total aflatoxins were found to be 47: 5: 43: 5 %, respectively. The AFG(1) and AFB(1) 50/50 trend was observed in maize and groundnuts and was consistent for samples collected in both years. If the AFB(1) measurement was used to check compliance of total aflatoxin regulatory limit set at 10, 20, 100, and 200 mu g/kg with an assumption that AFB(1)>= 50 % of the total aflatoxin content, 8, 13, 24, and 26 % false negative rates would have occurred respectively. It is therefore important for legislation to consider total aflatoxins rather than AFB(1) alone.}},
  author       = {{Matumba, Limbikani and Sulyok, Michael and Njoroge, Samuel MC and Njumbe Ediage, Emmanuel and Van Poucke, Christof and De Saeger, Sarah and Krska, Rudolf}},
  issn         = {{0178-7888}},
  journal      = {{MYCOTOXIN RESEARCH}},
  keywords     = {{Maize,Aflatoxin ratios,Groundnuts,Malawi,ASPERGILLUS-PARASITICUS,SECTION FLAVI,BIOSYNTHETIC RELATIONSHIP,PEANUT PRODUCTS,CONTAMINATION,NOMIUS,BRAZIL,GENES,ELISA,FOOD}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  number       = {{1}},
  pages        = {{57--62}},
  title        = {{Uncommon occurrence ratios of aflatoxin B-1, B-2, G(1), and G(2) in maize and groundnuts from Malawi}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.1007/s12550-014-0209-z}},
  volume       = {{31}},
  year         = {{2015}},
}
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