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Urban soil exploration through multi-receiver electromagnetic induction and stepped-frequency ground penetrating radar

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Abstract
In environmental assessments, the characterization of urban soils relies heavily on invasive investigation, which is often insufficient to capture their full spatial heterogeneity. Non-invasive geophysical techniques enable rapid collection of high-resolution data and provide a cost-effective alternative to investigate soil in a spatially comprehensive way. This paper presents the results of combining multi-receiver electromagnetic induction and stepped-frequency ground penetrating radar to characterize a former garage site contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons. The sensor combination showed the ability to identify and accurately locate building remains and a high-density soil layer, thus demonstrating the high potential to investigate anthropogenic disturbances of physical nature. In addition, a correspondence was found between an area of lower electrical conductivity and elevated concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons, suggesting the potential to detect specific chemical disturbances. We conclude that the sensor combination provides valuable information for preliminary assessment of urban soils.
Keywords
CONTAMINATED SOIL, PETROLEUM-HYDROCARBONS, ELECTRICAL-CONDUCTIVITY, DUALEM-21S SENSORS, AGRICULTURE, ATTENUATION, SIGNATURES, EM38DD, WATER

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MLA
Van De Vijver, Ellen, et al. “Urban Soil Exploration through Multi-Receiver Electromagnetic Induction and Stepped-Frequency Ground Penetrating Radar.” ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE-PROCESSES & IMPACTS, vol. 17, no. 7, 2015, pp. 1271–81, doi:10.1039/c5em00023h.
APA
Van De Vijver, E., Van Meirvenne, M., Vandenhaute, L., Delefortrie, S., De Smedt, P., Saey, T., & Seuntjens, P. (2015). Urban soil exploration through multi-receiver electromagnetic induction and stepped-frequency ground penetrating radar. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE-PROCESSES & IMPACTS, 17(7), 1271–1281. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5em00023h
Chicago author-date
Van De Vijver, Ellen, Marc Van Meirvenne, Laura Vandenhaute, Samuël Delefortrie, Philippe De Smedt, Timothy Saey, and Piet Seuntjens. 2015. “Urban Soil Exploration through Multi-Receiver Electromagnetic Induction and Stepped-Frequency Ground Penetrating Radar.” ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE-PROCESSES & IMPACTS 17 (7): 1271–81. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5em00023h.
Chicago author-date (all authors)
Van De Vijver, Ellen, Marc Van Meirvenne, Laura Vandenhaute, Samuël Delefortrie, Philippe De Smedt, Timothy Saey, and Piet Seuntjens. 2015. “Urban Soil Exploration through Multi-Receiver Electromagnetic Induction and Stepped-Frequency Ground Penetrating Radar.” ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE-PROCESSES & IMPACTS 17 (7): 1271–1281. doi:10.1039/c5em00023h.
Vancouver
1.
Van De Vijver E, Van Meirvenne M, Vandenhaute L, Delefortrie S, De Smedt P, Saey T, et al. Urban soil exploration through multi-receiver electromagnetic induction and stepped-frequency ground penetrating radar. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE-PROCESSES & IMPACTS. 2015;17(7):1271–81.
IEEE
[1]
E. Van De Vijver et al., “Urban soil exploration through multi-receiver electromagnetic induction and stepped-frequency ground penetrating radar,” ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE-PROCESSES & IMPACTS, vol. 17, no. 7, pp. 1271–1281, 2015.
@article{6935788,
  abstract     = {{In environmental assessments, the characterization of urban soils relies heavily on invasive investigation, which is often insufficient to capture their full spatial heterogeneity. Non-invasive geophysical techniques enable rapid collection of high-resolution data and provide a cost-effective alternative to investigate soil in a spatially comprehensive way. This paper presents the results of combining multi-receiver electromagnetic induction and stepped-frequency ground penetrating radar to characterize a former garage site contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons. The sensor combination showed the ability to identify and accurately locate building remains and a high-density soil layer, thus demonstrating the high potential to investigate anthropogenic disturbances of physical nature. In addition, a correspondence was found between an area of lower electrical conductivity and elevated concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons, suggesting the potential to detect specific chemical disturbances. We conclude that the sensor combination provides valuable information for preliminary assessment of urban soils.}},
  author       = {{Van De Vijver, Ellen and Van Meirvenne, Marc and Vandenhaute, Laura and Delefortrie, Samuël and De Smedt, Philippe and Saey, Timothy and Seuntjens, Piet}},
  issn         = {{2050-7887}},
  journal      = {{ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE-PROCESSES & IMPACTS}},
  keywords     = {{CONTAMINATED SOIL,PETROLEUM-HYDROCARBONS,ELECTRICAL-CONDUCTIVITY,DUALEM-21S SENSORS,AGRICULTURE,ATTENUATION,SIGNATURES,EM38DD,WATER}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  number       = {{7}},
  pages        = {{1271--1281}},
  title        = {{Urban soil exploration through multi-receiver electromagnetic induction and stepped-frequency ground penetrating radar}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.1039/c5em00023h}},
  volume       = {{17}},
  year         = {{2015}},
}

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