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The role of sediment composition and behavior under dynamic loading conditions on slope failure initiation: a study of a subaqueous landslide in earthquake-prone South-Central Chile

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Abstract
Subaqueous slope failure mechanisms are still poorly understood partly because they are difficult to study due to the remote location of submarine landslides. Landslides in lakes are smaller in size and more readily accessible and therefore represent a good alternative to their marine counterparts. Lake Villarrica, located in South-Central Chile, experienced significant slope failure and serves here as an exemplary study area for subaqueous landslide initiation mechanisms in tectonically active settings. Coring and CPTU testing were undertaken with the MARUM free-fall CPTU deployed adjacent to the coring sites where all lithological units involved in the slope failure were sampled. Using geotechnical methods such as pseudo-static factor of safety analysis and cyclic triaxial testing, three types of soils (i.e., diatomaceous ooze, volcanic ash, and quick clay) were analyzed for their role in slope failure, and earthquake shaking was identified as the primary trigger mechanism. The investigated landslide consisted of two distinct phases. During the first phase, slope failure was initiated above a tephra layer. In the second phase, retrogression led to the shoreward extension of the slide scarp along a second failure plane located in a stratigraphically deeper, extremely sensitive lithology (i.e., quick clay). Results show that liquefaction of buried tephra layers was unlikely, but such layers might still have contributed to a reduction in shear strength along the contact area with the neighboring sediment. Furthermore, cyclic shaking-induced pore pressure in diatomaceous ooze may be similar to that in granular soils. We generally infer that failure mechanisms observed in this study are equally important for landslide initiation in submarine settings as diatomaceous ooze intercalated with volcanic ash may be abundantly present along active continental margins.
Keywords
Landslide, Tephra, Earthquake shaking, Quick clay, Diatomaceous ooze, CPT, Cyclic loading, CYCLIC TRIAXIAL STRENGTH, STABILITY, LAKE, MARGIN, VILLARRICA, AMERICA, MODEL, SAND, CLAY

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MLA
Wiemer, Gauvain, et al. “The Role of Sediment Composition and Behavior under Dynamic Loading Conditions on Slope Failure Initiation: A Study of a Subaqueous Landslide in Earthquake-Prone South-Central Chile.” INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES, vol. 104, no. 5, 2015, pp. 1439–57, doi:10.1007/s00531-015-1144-8.
APA
Wiemer, G., Moernaut, J., Stark, N., Kempf, P., De Batist, M., Pino, M., … Kopf, A. (2015). The role of sediment composition and behavior under dynamic loading conditions on slope failure initiation: a study of a subaqueous landslide in earthquake-prone South-Central Chile. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES, 104(5), 1439–1457. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-015-1144-8
Chicago author-date
Wiemer, Gauvain, Jasper Moernaut, Nina Stark, Philipp Kempf, Marc De Batist, Mario Pino, Roberto Urrutia, Bruno Ladrón de Guevara, Michael Strasser, and Achim Kopf. 2015. “The Role of Sediment Composition and Behavior under Dynamic Loading Conditions on Slope Failure Initiation: A Study of a Subaqueous Landslide in Earthquake-Prone South-Central Chile.” INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES 104 (5): 1439–57. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-015-1144-8.
Chicago author-date (all authors)
Wiemer, Gauvain, Jasper Moernaut, Nina Stark, Philipp Kempf, Marc De Batist, Mario Pino, Roberto Urrutia, Bruno Ladrón de Guevara, Michael Strasser, and Achim Kopf. 2015. “The Role of Sediment Composition and Behavior under Dynamic Loading Conditions on Slope Failure Initiation: A Study of a Subaqueous Landslide in Earthquake-Prone South-Central Chile.” INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES 104 (5): 1439–1457. doi:10.1007/s00531-015-1144-8.
Vancouver
1.
Wiemer G, Moernaut J, Stark N, Kempf P, De Batist M, Pino M, et al. The role of sediment composition and behavior under dynamic loading conditions on slope failure initiation: a study of a subaqueous landslide in earthquake-prone South-Central Chile. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES. 2015;104(5):1439–57.
IEEE
[1]
G. Wiemer et al., “The role of sediment composition and behavior under dynamic loading conditions on slope failure initiation: a study of a subaqueous landslide in earthquake-prone South-Central Chile,” INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES, vol. 104, no. 5, pp. 1439–1457, 2015.
@article{6871828,
  abstract     = {{Subaqueous slope failure mechanisms are still poorly understood partly because they are difficult to study due to the remote location of submarine landslides. Landslides in lakes are smaller in size and more readily accessible and therefore represent a good alternative to their marine counterparts. Lake Villarrica, located in South-Central Chile, experienced significant slope failure and serves here as an exemplary study area for subaqueous landslide initiation mechanisms in tectonically active settings. Coring and CPTU testing were undertaken with the MARUM free-fall CPTU deployed adjacent to the coring sites where all lithological units involved in the slope failure were sampled. Using geotechnical methods such as pseudo-static factor of safety analysis and cyclic triaxial testing, three types of soils (i.e., diatomaceous ooze, volcanic ash, and quick clay) were analyzed for their role in slope failure, and earthquake shaking was identified as the primary trigger mechanism. The investigated landslide consisted of two distinct phases. During the first phase, slope failure was initiated above a tephra layer. In the second phase, retrogression led to the shoreward extension of the slide scarp along a second failure plane located in a stratigraphically deeper, extremely sensitive lithology (i.e., quick clay). Results show that liquefaction of buried tephra layers was unlikely, but such layers might still have contributed to a reduction in shear strength along the contact area with the neighboring sediment. Furthermore, cyclic shaking-induced pore pressure in diatomaceous ooze may be similar to that in granular soils. We generally infer that failure mechanisms observed in this study are equally important for landslide initiation in submarine settings as diatomaceous ooze intercalated with volcanic ash may be abundantly present along active continental margins.}},
  author       = {{Wiemer, Gauvain and Moernaut, Jasper and Stark, Nina and Kempf, Philipp and De Batist, Marc and Pino, Mario and Urrutia, Roberto and Ladrón de Guevara, Bruno and Strasser, Michael and Kopf, Achim}},
  issn         = {{1437-3254}},
  journal      = {{INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES}},
  keywords     = {{Landslide,Tephra,Earthquake shaking,Quick clay,Diatomaceous ooze,CPT,Cyclic loading,CYCLIC TRIAXIAL STRENGTH,STABILITY,LAKE,MARGIN,VILLARRICA,AMERICA,MODEL,SAND,CLAY}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  number       = {{5}},
  pages        = {{1439--1457}},
  title        = {{The role of sediment composition and behavior under dynamic loading conditions on slope failure initiation: a study of a subaqueous landslide in earthquake-prone South-Central Chile}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-015-1144-8}},
  volume       = {{104}},
  year         = {{2015}},
}

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