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Small glycosylated lignin oligomers are stored in Arabidopsis leaf vacuoles

Oana Dima (UGent) , Kris Morreel (UGent) , Bartel Vanholme (UGent) , Hoon Kim, John Ralph and Wout Boerjan (UGent)
(2015) PLANT CELL. 27(3). p.695-710
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Abstract
Lignin is an aromatic polymer derived from the combinatorial coupling of monolignol radicals in the cell wall. Recently, various glycosylated lignin oligomers have been revealed in Arabidopsis thaliana. Given that monolignol oxidation and monolignol radical coupling are known to occur in the apoplast, and glycosylation in the cytoplasm, it raises questions about the subcellular localization of glycosylated lignin oligomer biosynthesis and their storage. By metabolite profiling of Arabidopsis leaf vacuoles, we show that the leaf vacuole stores a large number of these small glycosylated lignin oligomers. Their structural variety and the incorporation of alternative monomers, as observed in Arabidopsis mutants with altered monolignol biosynthesis, indicate that they are all formed by combinatorial radical coupling. In contrast to the common believe that combinatorial coupling is restricted to the apoplast, we hypothesized that the aglycones of these compounds are made within the cell. To investigate this, leaf protoplast cultures were cofed with C-13(6)-labeled coniferyl alcohol and a C-13(4)-labeled dimer of coniferyl alcohol. Metabolite profiling of the cofed protoplasts provided strong support for the occurrence of intracellular monolignol coupling. We therefore propose a metabolic pathway involving intracellular combinatorial coupling of monolignol radicals, followed by oligomer glycosylation and vacuolar import, which shares characteristics with both lignin and lignan biosynthesis.
Keywords
LODGEPOLE PINE, BIOSYNTHESIS, BETA-GLUCOSIDASE, ACCUMULATION, PROTEINS, STRUCTURAL-CHARACTERIZATION, POPLAR XYLEM, MASS-SPECTROMETRY, ELECTROSPRAY ION-TRAP, CELL-WALL LIGNIFICATION

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MLA
Dima, Oana, et al. “Small Glycosylated Lignin Oligomers Are Stored in Arabidopsis Leaf Vacuoles.” PLANT CELL, vol. 27, no. 3, 2015, pp. 695–710, doi:10.1105/tpc.114.134643.
APA
Dima, O., Morreel, K., Vanholme, B., Kim, H., Ralph, J., & Boerjan, W. (2015). Small glycosylated lignin oligomers are stored in Arabidopsis leaf vacuoles. PLANT CELL, 27(3), 695–710. https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.114.134643
Chicago author-date
Dima, Oana, Kris Morreel, Bartel Vanholme, Hoon Kim, John Ralph, and Wout Boerjan. 2015. “Small Glycosylated Lignin Oligomers Are Stored in Arabidopsis Leaf Vacuoles.” PLANT CELL 27 (3): 695–710. https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.114.134643.
Chicago author-date (all authors)
Dima, Oana, Kris Morreel, Bartel Vanholme, Hoon Kim, John Ralph, and Wout Boerjan. 2015. “Small Glycosylated Lignin Oligomers Are Stored in Arabidopsis Leaf Vacuoles.” PLANT CELL 27 (3): 695–710. doi:10.1105/tpc.114.134643.
Vancouver
1.
Dima O, Morreel K, Vanholme B, Kim H, Ralph J, Boerjan W. Small glycosylated lignin oligomers are stored in Arabidopsis leaf vacuoles. PLANT CELL. 2015;27(3):695–710.
IEEE
[1]
O. Dima, K. Morreel, B. Vanholme, H. Kim, J. Ralph, and W. Boerjan, “Small glycosylated lignin oligomers are stored in Arabidopsis leaf vacuoles,” PLANT CELL, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 695–710, 2015.
@article{5985257,
  abstract     = {{Lignin is an aromatic polymer derived from the combinatorial coupling of monolignol radicals in the cell wall. Recently, various glycosylated lignin oligomers have been revealed in Arabidopsis thaliana. Given that monolignol oxidation and monolignol radical coupling are known to occur in the apoplast, and glycosylation in the cytoplasm, it raises questions about the subcellular localization of glycosylated lignin oligomer biosynthesis and their storage. By metabolite profiling of Arabidopsis leaf vacuoles, we show that the leaf vacuole stores a large number of these small glycosylated lignin oligomers. Their structural variety and the incorporation of alternative monomers, as observed in Arabidopsis mutants with altered monolignol biosynthesis, indicate that they are all formed by combinatorial radical coupling. In contrast to the common believe that combinatorial coupling is restricted to the apoplast, we hypothesized that the aglycones of these compounds are made within the cell. To investigate this, leaf protoplast cultures were cofed with C-13(6)-labeled coniferyl alcohol and a C-13(4)-labeled dimer of coniferyl alcohol. Metabolite profiling of the cofed protoplasts provided strong support for the occurrence of intracellular monolignol coupling. We therefore propose a metabolic pathway involving intracellular combinatorial coupling of monolignol radicals, followed by oligomer glycosylation and vacuolar import, which shares characteristics with both lignin and lignan biosynthesis.}},
  author       = {{Dima, Oana and Morreel, Kris and Vanholme, Bartel and Kim, Hoon and Ralph, John and Boerjan, Wout}},
  issn         = {{1040-4651}},
  journal      = {{PLANT CELL}},
  keywords     = {{LODGEPOLE PINE,BIOSYNTHESIS,BETA-GLUCOSIDASE,ACCUMULATION,PROTEINS,STRUCTURAL-CHARACTERIZATION,POPLAR XYLEM,MASS-SPECTROMETRY,ELECTROSPRAY ION-TRAP,CELL-WALL LIGNIFICATION}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  number       = {{3}},
  pages        = {{695--710}},
  title        = {{Small glycosylated lignin oligomers are stored in Arabidopsis leaf vacuoles}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.114.134643}},
  volume       = {{27}},
  year         = {{2015}},
}

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