@article{5889971,
  abstract     = {{In March 1961, war broke out in Northern Angola. The Portuguese authorities attributed the violence to the UPA - a nationalist movement led by Northern Angolan immigrants resident in Congo. The movement's leadership tried to keep in contact with its (potential) followers in Northern Angola by various means, pamphlets being one of the most important. Written for a local audience, these pamphlets provide an insight into the inner lines of communication - and internal hierarchies - of the nationalist movement. By using Darnton's communication circuit' model, this article investigates the processes of writing, distributing and reading the pamphlets and analyses their generic characteristics, and their position in a tradition of regional popular literacy. In so doing, an interpretation is offered of the social history of the pamphlets: they are treated as a historical subject in their own right. While they can be read as anti-colonial tracts, it is shown that the pamphlets' main concern is to establish the mandate of a leadership in exile over a constituency in Northern Angola. 

RESUME En mars 1961, la guerre eclata dans le Nord de l'Angola. Les autorites portugaises attribuerent les violences a l'UPA, un mouvement nationaliste dirige par des immigres du Nord de l'Angola residant au Congo. Desireux de rester en contact avec leurs sympathisants (potentiels) dans le Nord de l'Angola, les dirigeants du mouvement utiliserent divers moyens pour ce faire, le plus important etant le pamphlet. Rediges a l'intention d'un public local, ces pamphlets apportent un eclairage sur les voies de communication (et les hierarchies) existant a l'interieur du mouvement nationaliste. En utilisant le modele du << circuit de communication >> de Darnton, cet article examine les processus de redaction, de distribution et de lecture des pamphlets, et analyse leurs caracteristiques generiques et leur place dans une tradition de litterature populaire regionale. Ce faisant, il offre une interpretation de l'histoire sociale des pamphlets : ils sont traites comme un objet historique en eux-memes. On peut certes les lire comme des tracts anti-coloniaux, mais l'article montre que la principale preoccupation des pamphlets est d'etablir le mandat de dirigeants en exil sur un groupe situe dans le Nord de l'Angola.}},
  author       = {{Brinkman, Inge}},
  issn         = {{0001-9720}},
  journal      = {{AFRICA}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  number       = {{2}},
  pages        = {{221--244}},
  title        = {{'The time of the leaflet': pamphlets and political communication in the UPA (Northern Angola, around 1961)}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.1017/S000197201400103X}},
  volume       = {{85}},
  year         = {{2015}},
}

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