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Damage assessment of ferruginous sandstone by X-ray tomography : the 'Virgin Tower' of Zichem (Belgium)

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Abstract
The ferruginous sandstone of the Gothic “Virgin Tower” is suffering from a specific biological deterioration process triggered by perforating activities of mason bees. The damage due to these perforations causes extensive loss of material, so that a durable conservation of such degraded stone blocks becomes questionable. In order to evaluate the conservation possibilities of stone blocks damaged by perforating mason bees, an investigation of the internal structure by means of X-ray tomography was carried out. This investigation revealed that the cumulative effect of the digging work by multiple generations of mason bees may result in networks of perforations. Bioturbated sandstones were found to be most suitable for attack by mason bees because of morphological and geometrical compatibility between the original layered burrowings by marine organisms and those by the mason bees. As a conclusion, the conservation is not recommended of sandstone blocks for which the load bearing capacity is endangered by the branched and layered perforations.
Keywords
Diestian ferruginous sandstone, X-ray tomography, mason bees

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MLA
De Clerq, Hilde, et al. “Damage Assessment of Ferruginous Sandstone by X-Ray Tomography : The ‘Virgin Tower’ of Zichem (Belgium).” Deterioration and Conservation of Stone, 12th International Congress, Papers, 2012.
APA
De Clerq, H., Hayen, R., Cnudde, V., Boone, M., & Dusar, M. (2012). Damage assessment of ferruginous sandstone by X-ray tomography : the “Virgin Tower” of Zichem (Belgium). Deterioration and Conservation of Stone, 12th International Congress, Papers. Presented at the 12th International congress on the Deterioration and Conservation of Stone, New York, NY, USA.
Chicago author-date
De Clerq, Hilde, Roald Hayen, Veerle Cnudde, Matthieu Boone, and Michiel Dusar. 2012. “Damage Assessment of Ferruginous Sandstone by X-Ray Tomography : The ‘Virgin Tower’ of Zichem (Belgium).” In Deterioration and Conservation of Stone, 12th International Congress, Papers.
Chicago author-date (all authors)
De Clerq, Hilde, Roald Hayen, Veerle Cnudde, Matthieu Boone, and Michiel Dusar. 2012. “Damage Assessment of Ferruginous Sandstone by X-Ray Tomography : The ‘Virgin Tower’ of Zichem (Belgium).” In Deterioration and Conservation of Stone, 12th International Congress, Papers.
Vancouver
1.
De Clerq H, Hayen R, Cnudde V, Boone M, Dusar M. Damage assessment of ferruginous sandstone by X-ray tomography : the “Virgin Tower” of Zichem (Belgium). In: Deterioration and Conservation of Stone, 12th International congress, Papers. 2012.
IEEE
[1]
H. De Clerq, R. Hayen, V. Cnudde, M. Boone, and M. Dusar, “Damage assessment of ferruginous sandstone by X-ray tomography : the ‘Virgin Tower’ of Zichem (Belgium),” in Deterioration and Conservation of Stone, 12th International congress, Papers, New York, NY, USA, 2012.
@inproceedings{5865749,
  abstract     = {{The ferruginous sandstone of the Gothic “Virgin Tower” is suffering from a specific biological deterioration process triggered by perforating activities of mason bees. The damage due to these perforations causes extensive loss of material, so that a durable conservation of such degraded stone blocks becomes questionable.
In order to evaluate the conservation possibilities of stone blocks damaged by perforating mason bees, an investigation of the internal structure by means of X-ray tomography was carried out. This investigation revealed that the cumulative effect of the digging work by multiple generations of mason bees may result in networks of perforations. Bioturbated sandstones were found to be most suitable for attack by mason bees because of morphological and geometrical compatibility between the original layered burrowings by marine organisms and those by the mason bees. As a conclusion, the conservation is not recommended of sandstone blocks for which the load bearing capacity is endangered by the branched and layered perforations.}},
  author       = {{De Clerq, Hilde and Hayen, Roald and Cnudde, Veerle and Boone, Matthieu and Dusar, Michiel}},
  booktitle    = {{Deterioration and Conservation of Stone, 12th International congress, Papers}},
  keywords     = {{Diestian ferruginous sandstone,X-ray tomography,mason bees}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  location     = {{New York, NY, USA}},
  pages        = {{10}},
  title        = {{Damage assessment of ferruginous sandstone by X-ray tomography : the 'Virgin Tower' of Zichem (Belgium)}},
  year         = {{2012}},
}