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A haploid system of sex determination in the brown alga Ectocarpus sp.

Sophia Ahmed, J Mark Cock, Eugenie Pessia, Remy Luthringer, Alexandre Cormier, Marine Robuchon, Lieven Sterck (UGent) , Akira F Peters, Simon M Dittami, Erwan Corre, et al.
(2014) CURRENT BIOLOGY. 24(17). p.1945-1957
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Abstract
Background: A common feature of most genetic sex-determination systems studied so far is that sex is determined by nonrecombining genomic regions, which can be of various sizes depending on the species. These regions have evolved independently and repeatedly across diverse groups. A number of such sex-determining regions (SDRs) have been studied in animals, plants, and fungi, but very little is known about the evolution of sexes in other eukaryotic lineages. Results: We report here the sequencing and genomic analysis of the SDR of Ectocarpus, a brown alga that has been evolving independently from plants, animals, and fungi for over one giga-annum. In Ectocarpus, sex is expressed during the haploid phase of the life cycle, and both the female (U) and the male (V) sex chromosomes contain nonrecombining regions. The U and V of this species have been diverging for more than 70 mega-annum, yet gene degeneration has been modest, and the SDR is relatively small, with no evidence for evolutionary strata. These features may be explained by the occurrence of strong purifying selection during the haploid phase of the life cycle and the low level of sexual dimorphism. V is dominant over U, suggesting that femaleness may be the default state, adopted when the male haplotype is absent. Conclusions: The Ectocarpus UV system has clearly had a distinct evolutionary trajectory not only to the well-studied XY and ZW systems but also to the UV systems described so far. Nonetheless, some striking similarities exist, indicating remarkable universality of the underlying processes shaping sex chromosome evolution across distant lineages.
Keywords
DROSOPHILA, Y-CHROMOSOME DEGENERATION, SEQUENCE, GENOME, EVOLUTION, MAXIMUM-LIKELIHOOD, PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS, CODON USAGE, RNA-SEQ, BIASED GENE-EXPRESSION

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MLA
Ahmed, Sophia, et al. “A Haploid System of Sex Determination in the Brown Alga Ectocarpus Sp.” CURRENT BIOLOGY, vol. 24, no. 17, 2014, pp. 1945–57, doi:10.1016/j.cub.2014.07.042.
APA
Ahmed, S., Cock, J. M., Pessia, E., Luthringer, R., Cormier, A., Robuchon, M., … Coelho, S. M. (2014). A haploid system of sex determination in the brown alga Ectocarpus sp. CURRENT BIOLOGY, 24(17), 1945–1957. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2014.07.042
Chicago author-date
Ahmed, Sophia, J Mark Cock, Eugenie Pessia, Remy Luthringer, Alexandre Cormier, Marine Robuchon, Lieven Sterck, et al. 2014. “A Haploid System of Sex Determination in the Brown Alga Ectocarpus Sp.” CURRENT BIOLOGY 24 (17): 1945–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2014.07.042.
Chicago author-date (all authors)
Ahmed, Sophia, J Mark Cock, Eugenie Pessia, Remy Luthringer, Alexandre Cormier, Marine Robuchon, Lieven Sterck, Akira F Peters, Simon M Dittami, Erwan Corre, Myriam Valero, Jean-Marc Aury, Denis Roze, Yves Van de Peer, John Bothwell, Gabriel AB Marais, and Susana M Coelho. 2014. “A Haploid System of Sex Determination in the Brown Alga Ectocarpus Sp.” CURRENT BIOLOGY 24 (17): 1945–1957. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2014.07.042.
Vancouver
1.
Ahmed S, Cock JM, Pessia E, Luthringer R, Cormier A, Robuchon M, et al. A haploid system of sex determination in the brown alga Ectocarpus sp. CURRENT BIOLOGY. 2014;24(17):1945–57.
IEEE
[1]
S. Ahmed et al., “A haploid system of sex determination in the brown alga Ectocarpus sp.,” CURRENT BIOLOGY, vol. 24, no. 17, pp. 1945–1957, 2014.
@article{5722559,
  abstract     = {{Background: A common feature of most genetic sex-determination systems studied so far is that sex is determined by nonrecombining genomic regions, which can be of various sizes depending on the species. These regions have evolved independently and repeatedly across diverse groups. A number of such sex-determining regions (SDRs) have been studied in animals, plants, and fungi, but very little is known about the evolution of sexes in other eukaryotic lineages. 
Results: We report here the sequencing and genomic analysis of the SDR of Ectocarpus, a brown alga that has been evolving independently from plants, animals, and fungi for over one giga-annum. In Ectocarpus, sex is expressed during the haploid phase of the life cycle, and both the female (U) and the male (V) sex chromosomes contain nonrecombining regions. The U and V of this species have been diverging for more than 70 mega-annum, yet gene degeneration has been modest, and the SDR is relatively small, with no evidence for evolutionary strata. These features may be explained by the occurrence of strong purifying selection during the haploid phase of the life cycle and the low level of sexual dimorphism. V is dominant over U, suggesting that femaleness may be the default state, adopted when the male haplotype is absent. 
Conclusions: The Ectocarpus UV system has clearly had a distinct evolutionary trajectory not only to the well-studied XY and ZW systems but also to the UV systems described so far. Nonetheless, some striking similarities exist, indicating remarkable universality of the underlying processes shaping sex chromosome evolution across distant lineages.}},
  author       = {{Ahmed, Sophia and Cock, J Mark and Pessia, Eugenie and Luthringer, Remy and Cormier, Alexandre and Robuchon, Marine and Sterck, Lieven and Peters, Akira F and Dittami, Simon M and Corre, Erwan and Valero, Myriam and Aury, Jean-Marc and Roze, Denis and Van de Peer, Yves and Bothwell, John and Marais, Gabriel AB and Coelho, Susana M}},
  issn         = {{0960-9822}},
  journal      = {{CURRENT BIOLOGY}},
  keywords     = {{DROSOPHILA,Y-CHROMOSOME DEGENERATION,SEQUENCE,GENOME,EVOLUTION,MAXIMUM-LIKELIHOOD,PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS,CODON USAGE,RNA-SEQ,BIASED GENE-EXPRESSION}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  number       = {{17}},
  pages        = {{1945--1957}},
  title        = {{A haploid system of sex determination in the brown alga Ectocarpus sp.}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2014.07.042}},
  volume       = {{24}},
  year         = {{2014}},
}
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