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A review of current evidence for the causal impact of attentional bias on fear and anxiety

Bram Van Bockstaele (UGent) , Bruno Verschuere (UGent) , Helen Tibboel (UGent) , Jan De Houwer (UGent) , Geert Crombez (UGent) and Ernst Koster (UGent)
(2014) PSYCHOLOGICAL BULLETIN. 140(3). p.682-721
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Abstract
Prominent cognitive theories postulate that an attentional bias toward threatening information contributes to the etiology, maintenance, or exacerbation of fear and anxiety. In this review, we investigate to what extent these causal claims are supported by sound empirical evidence. Although differences in attentional bias are associated with differences in fear and anxiety, this association does not emerge consistently. Moreover, there is only limited evidence that individual differences in attentional bias are related to individual differences in fear or anxiety. In line with a causal relation, some studies show that attentional bias precedes fear or anxiety in time. However, other studies show that fear and anxiety can precede the onset of attentional bias, suggesting circular or reciprocal causality. Importantly, a recent line of experimental research shows that changes in attentional bias can lead to changes in anxiety. Yet changes in fear and anxiety also lead to changes in attentional bias, which confirms that the relation between attentional bias and fear and anxiety is unlikely to be unidirectional. Finally, a similar causal relation between interpretation bias and anxiety has been documented. In sum, there is evidence in favor of causality, yet a strict unidirectional cause-effect model is unlikely to hold. The relation between attentional bias and fear and anxiety is best described as a bidirectional, maintaining, or mutually reinforcing relation.
Keywords
RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED-TRIAL, POSTTRAUMATIC-STRESS-DISORDER, EMOTIONAL STROOP TASK, INFORMATION-PROCESSING BIASES, OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER, SERIAL VISUAL PRESENTATION, DOT-PROBE TASK, TRAINED INTERPRETIVE BIAS, causality, anxiety, fear, SOCIALLY ANXIOUS INDIVIDUALS, attentional bias, EVENT-RELATED POTENTIALS, phobia

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Citation

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MLA
Van Bockstaele, Bram, et al. “A Review of Current Evidence for the Causal Impact of Attentional Bias on Fear and Anxiety.” PSYCHOLOGICAL BULLETIN, vol. 140, no. 3, 2014, pp. 682–721, doi:10.1037/a0034834.
APA
Van Bockstaele, B., Verschuere, B., Tibboel, H., De Houwer, J., Crombez, G., & Koster, E. (2014). A review of current evidence for the causal impact of attentional bias on fear and anxiety. PSYCHOLOGICAL BULLETIN, 140(3), 682–721. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034834
Chicago author-date
Van Bockstaele, Bram, Bruno Verschuere, Helen Tibboel, Jan De Houwer, Geert Crombez, and Ernst Koster. 2014. “A Review of Current Evidence for the Causal Impact of Attentional Bias on Fear and Anxiety.” PSYCHOLOGICAL BULLETIN 140 (3): 682–721. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034834.
Chicago author-date (all authors)
Van Bockstaele, Bram, Bruno Verschuere, Helen Tibboel, Jan De Houwer, Geert Crombez, and Ernst Koster. 2014. “A Review of Current Evidence for the Causal Impact of Attentional Bias on Fear and Anxiety.” PSYCHOLOGICAL BULLETIN 140 (3): 682–721. doi:10.1037/a0034834.
Vancouver
1.
Van Bockstaele B, Verschuere B, Tibboel H, De Houwer J, Crombez G, Koster E. A review of current evidence for the causal impact of attentional bias on fear and anxiety. PSYCHOLOGICAL BULLETIN. 2014;140(3):682–721.
IEEE
[1]
B. Van Bockstaele, B. Verschuere, H. Tibboel, J. De Houwer, G. Crombez, and E. Koster, “A review of current evidence for the causal impact of attentional bias on fear and anxiety,” PSYCHOLOGICAL BULLETIN, vol. 140, no. 3, pp. 682–721, 2014.
@article{4158755,
  abstract     = {{Prominent cognitive theories postulate that an attentional bias toward threatening information contributes to the etiology, maintenance, or exacerbation of fear and anxiety. In this review, we investigate to what extent these causal claims are supported by sound empirical evidence. Although differences in attentional bias are associated with differences in fear and anxiety, this association does not emerge consistently. Moreover, there is only limited evidence that individual differences in attentional bias are related to individual differences in fear or anxiety. In line with a causal relation, some studies show that attentional bias precedes fear or anxiety in time. However, other studies show that fear and anxiety can precede the onset of attentional bias, suggesting circular or reciprocal causality. Importantly, a recent line of experimental research shows that changes in attentional bias can lead to changes in anxiety. Yet changes in fear and anxiety also lead to changes in attentional bias, which confirms that the relation between attentional bias and fear and anxiety is unlikely to be unidirectional. Finally, a similar causal relation between interpretation bias and anxiety has been documented. In sum, there is evidence in favor of causality, yet a strict unidirectional cause-effect model is unlikely to hold. The relation between attentional bias and fear and anxiety is best described as a bidirectional, maintaining, or mutually reinforcing relation.}},
  author       = {{Van Bockstaele, Bram and Verschuere, Bruno and Tibboel, Helen and De Houwer, Jan and Crombez, Geert and Koster, Ernst}},
  issn         = {{0033-2909}},
  journal      = {{PSYCHOLOGICAL BULLETIN}},
  keywords     = {{RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED-TRIAL,POSTTRAUMATIC-STRESS-DISORDER,EMOTIONAL STROOP TASK,INFORMATION-PROCESSING BIASES,OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER,SERIAL VISUAL PRESENTATION,DOT-PROBE TASK,TRAINED INTERPRETIVE BIAS,causality,anxiety,fear,SOCIALLY ANXIOUS INDIVIDUALS,attentional bias,EVENT-RELATED POTENTIALS,phobia}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  number       = {{3}},
  pages        = {{682--721}},
  title        = {{A review of current evidence for the causal impact of attentional bias on fear and anxiety}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.1037/a0034834}},
  volume       = {{140}},
  year         = {{2014}},
}

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