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Reversed item bias: an integrative model

Bert Weijters (UGent) , Hans Baumgartner and Niels Schillewaert
(2013) PSYCHOLOGICAL METHODS. 18(3). p.320-334
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Abstract
In the recent methodological literature, various models have been proposed to account for the phenomenon that reversed items (defined as items for which respondents' scores have to be recoded in order to make the direction of keying consistent across all items) tend to lead to problematic responses. In this article we propose an integrative conceptualization of three important sources of reversed item method bias (acquiescence, careless responding, and confirmation bias) and specify a multisample confirmatory factor analysis model with 2 method factors to empirically test the hypothesized mechanisms, using explicit measures of acquiescence and carelessness and experimentally manipulated versions of a questionnaire that varies 3 item arrangements and the keying direction of the first item measuring the focal construct. We explain the mechanisms, review prior attempts to model reversed item bias, present our new model, and apply it to responses to a 4-item self-esteem scale (N = 306) and the 6-item Revised Life Orientation Test (N = 595). Based on the literature review and the empirical results, we formulate recommendations on how to use reversed items in questionnaires.
Keywords
MISRESPONSE, STRATEGIES, OPTIMISM, LIKERT, reverse-keyed items, method effects, response styles, survey research, structural equation modeling, SCALES, ACQUIESCENCE, SELF-ESTEEM, RESPONSE STYLES, CONFIRMATORY FACTOR-ANALYSIS, LIFE ORIENTATION TEST

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Citation

Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:

MLA
Weijters, Bert, et al. “Reversed Item Bias: An Integrative Model.” PSYCHOLOGICAL METHODS, vol. 18, no. 3, 2013, pp. 320–34, doi:10.1037/a0032121.
APA
Weijters, B., Baumgartner, H., & Schillewaert, N. (2013). Reversed item bias: an integrative model. PSYCHOLOGICAL METHODS, 18(3), 320–334. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032121
Chicago author-date
Weijters, Bert, Hans Baumgartner, and Niels Schillewaert. 2013. “Reversed Item Bias: An Integrative Model.” PSYCHOLOGICAL METHODS 18 (3): 320–34. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032121.
Chicago author-date (all authors)
Weijters, Bert, Hans Baumgartner, and Niels Schillewaert. 2013. “Reversed Item Bias: An Integrative Model.” PSYCHOLOGICAL METHODS 18 (3): 320–334. doi:10.1037/a0032121.
Vancouver
1.
Weijters B, Baumgartner H, Schillewaert N. Reversed item bias: an integrative model. PSYCHOLOGICAL METHODS. 2013;18(3):320–34.
IEEE
[1]
B. Weijters, H. Baumgartner, and N. Schillewaert, “Reversed item bias: an integrative model,” PSYCHOLOGICAL METHODS, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 320–334, 2013.
@article{4099670,
  abstract     = {{In the recent methodological literature, various models have been proposed to account for the phenomenon that reversed items (defined as items for which respondents' scores have to be recoded in order to make the direction of keying consistent across all items) tend to lead to problematic responses. In this article we propose an integrative conceptualization of three important sources of reversed item method bias (acquiescence, careless responding, and confirmation bias) and specify a multisample confirmatory factor analysis model with 2 method factors to empirically test the hypothesized mechanisms, using explicit measures of acquiescence and carelessness and experimentally manipulated versions of a questionnaire that varies 3 item arrangements and the keying direction of the first item measuring the focal construct. We explain the mechanisms, review prior attempts to model reversed item bias, present our new model, and apply it to responses to a 4-item self-esteem scale (N = 306) and the 6-item Revised Life Orientation Test (N = 595). Based on the literature review and the empirical results, we formulate recommendations on how to use reversed items in questionnaires.}},
  author       = {{Weijters, Bert and Baumgartner, Hans and Schillewaert, Niels}},
  issn         = {{1082-989X}},
  journal      = {{PSYCHOLOGICAL METHODS}},
  keywords     = {{MISRESPONSE,STRATEGIES,OPTIMISM,LIKERT,reverse-keyed items,method effects,response styles,survey research,structural equation modeling,SCALES,ACQUIESCENCE,SELF-ESTEEM,RESPONSE STYLES,CONFIRMATORY FACTOR-ANALYSIS,LIFE ORIENTATION TEST}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  number       = {{3}},
  pages        = {{320--334}},
  title        = {{Reversed item bias: an integrative model}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.1037/a0032121}},
  volume       = {{18}},
  year         = {{2013}},
}
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