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The pathogenesis of CRS : an update

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Abstract
Chronic rhinosinusitis with or without polyps affects more than 10 % of the population. In the last decennium, great progress was made in the elucidation of relevant pathomechanisms of innate and adaptive immunity and in the recognition of potential environmental and intramucosal triggers. Inflammatory pathways and triggers need to be integrated into a modern concept of disease differentiation beyond the nasal endoscope; in short, remodeling and inflammatory processes can be described, involving fibrosis versus edema, which are related to the clinical phenotype; the signatures of a number of T helper cells decide on the subsequent granulocytic tissue reactions beyond the level of neutrophils versus eosinophils. Based on those pathways, biomarkers allow the prediction of the likelihood of co-morbid asthma and individual selection of appropriate treatments, from glucocorticosteroids and immune-modulatory antibiotics to innovative approaches such as humanized monoclonal antibodies against IgE and interleukin-5. These approaches currently serve as proofofconcept tools, and will expand our armamentarium tomorrow.

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MLA
Bachert, Claus, et al. “The Pathogenesis of CRS : An Update.” CURRENT OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY REPORTS, vol. 1, no. 1, 2013, pp. 25–32, doi:10.1007/s40136-012-0002-5.
APA
Bachert, C., Al Bahrani, N., Al Dousary, S., Van Crombruggen, K., Krysko, O., Perez Novo, C., & Zhang, N. (2013). The pathogenesis of CRS : an update. CURRENT OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY REPORTS, 1(1), 25–32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40136-012-0002-5
Chicago author-date
Bachert, Claus, Nada Al Bahrani, Surayie Al Dousary, Koen Van Crombruggen, Olga Krysko, Claudina Perez Novo, and Nan Zhang. 2013. “The Pathogenesis of CRS : An Update.” CURRENT OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY REPORTS 1 (1): 25–32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40136-012-0002-5.
Chicago author-date (all authors)
Bachert, Claus, Nada Al Bahrani, Surayie Al Dousary, Koen Van Crombruggen, Olga Krysko, Claudina Perez Novo, and Nan Zhang. 2013. “The Pathogenesis of CRS : An Update.” CURRENT OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY REPORTS 1 (1): 25–32. doi:10.1007/s40136-012-0002-5.
Vancouver
1.
Bachert C, Al Bahrani N, Al Dousary S, Van Crombruggen K, Krysko O, Perez Novo C, et al. The pathogenesis of CRS : an update. CURRENT OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY REPORTS. 2013;1(1):25–32.
IEEE
[1]
C. Bachert et al., “The pathogenesis of CRS : an update,” CURRENT OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY REPORTS, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 25–32, 2013.
@article{3159778,
  abstract     = {{Chronic rhinosinusitis with or without polyps affects more than 10 % of the population. In the last decennium, great progress was made in the elucidation of relevant pathomechanisms of innate and adaptive immunity and in the recognition of potential environmental and intramucosal triggers. Inflammatory pathways and triggers need to be integrated into a modern concept of disease differentiation beyond the nasal endoscope; in short, remodeling and inflammatory processes can be described, involving fibrosis versus edema, which are related to the clinical phenotype; the signatures of a number of T helper cells decide on the subsequent granulocytic tissue reactions beyond the level of neutrophils versus eosinophils. Based on those pathways, biomarkers allow the prediction of the likelihood of co-morbid asthma and individual selection of appropriate treatments, from glucocorticosteroids and immune-modulatory antibiotics to innovative approaches such as humanized monoclonal antibodies against IgE and interleukin-5. These approaches currently serve as proofofconcept tools, and will expand our armamentarium tomorrow.}},
  author       = {{Bachert, Claus and Al Bahrani, Nada and Al Dousary, Surayie and Van Crombruggen, Koen and Krysko, Olga and Perez Novo, Claudina and Zhang, Nan}},
  issn         = {{2167-583X}},
  journal      = {{CURRENT OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY REPORTS}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  number       = {{1}},
  pages        = {{25--32}},
  title        = {{The pathogenesis of CRS : an update}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.1007/s40136-012-0002-5}},
  volume       = {{1}},
  year         = {{2013}},
}

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