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Fluoride intake through consumption of tap water and bottled water in Belgium

Stefanie Vandevijvere, Benoit Horion, Michel Fondu, Marie-Josée Mozin, Michèle Ulens, Inge Huybrechts (UGent) , Herman Van Oyen and Alfred Noirfalise
(2009) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH. 6(5). p.1676-1690
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Abstract
There is a tendency to align higher levels of fluoride in natural mineral water with the existing higher levels in tap water. Treatment of natural mineral waters could harm the preservation of their natural character. In this study fluoride intake through bottled and tap water consumption in the Belgian adult population was assessed, taking into account regional differences. A deterministic approach was used whereby consumption quantities of tap water and different brands of bottled water were linked with their respective fluoride concentrations. Data from the national food consumption survey (2004) were used and the Nusser methodology was applied to obtain usual intake estimates. Mean intake of fluoride through total water consumption in Flanders was 1.4 +/- 0.7 mg/day (97.5(th) percentile: 3.1 mg/day), while in the Walloon region it was on average 0.9 +/- 0.6 mg/day (97.5th percentile: 2.4 mg/day). The probability of exceeding the UL of 7 mg per day via a normal diet was estimated to be low. Consequently, there is no need to revise the existing norms, but higher fluoride concentrations should be more clearly indicated on the labels. Reliable data about total dietary fluoride intake in children, including intake of fluoride via tooth paste and food supplements, are needed.
Keywords
food consumption survey, exposure assessment, Belgium, CARIES PREVALENCE, DENTAL FLUOROSIS, TOOTHPASTE, EXPOSURE, TEAS, CHILDREN, INGESTION, fluoride

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MLA
Vandevijvere, Stefanie, et al. “Fluoride Intake through Consumption of Tap Water and Bottled Water in Belgium.” INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH, vol. 6, no. 5, 2009, pp. 1676–90, doi:10.3390/ijerph6051676.
APA
Vandevijvere, S., Horion, B., Fondu, M., Mozin, M.-J., Ulens, M., Huybrechts, I., … Noirfalise, A. (2009). Fluoride intake through consumption of tap water and bottled water in Belgium. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH, 6(5), 1676–1690. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph6051676
Chicago author-date
Vandevijvere, Stefanie, Benoit Horion, Michel Fondu, Marie-Josée Mozin, Michèle Ulens, Inge Huybrechts, Herman Van Oyen, and Alfred Noirfalise. 2009. “Fluoride Intake through Consumption of Tap Water and Bottled Water in Belgium.” INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 6 (5): 1676–90. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph6051676.
Chicago author-date (all authors)
Vandevijvere, Stefanie, Benoit Horion, Michel Fondu, Marie-Josée Mozin, Michèle Ulens, Inge Huybrechts, Herman Van Oyen, and Alfred Noirfalise. 2009. “Fluoride Intake through Consumption of Tap Water and Bottled Water in Belgium.” INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 6 (5): 1676–1690. doi:10.3390/ijerph6051676.
Vancouver
1.
Vandevijvere S, Horion B, Fondu M, Mozin M-J, Ulens M, Huybrechts I, et al. Fluoride intake through consumption of tap water and bottled water in Belgium. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH. 2009;6(5):1676–90.
IEEE
[1]
S. Vandevijvere et al., “Fluoride intake through consumption of tap water and bottled water in Belgium,” INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 1676–1690, 2009.
@article{1848297,
  abstract     = {{There is a tendency to align higher levels of fluoride in natural mineral water with the existing higher levels in tap water. Treatment of natural mineral waters could harm the preservation of their natural character. In this study fluoride intake through bottled and tap water consumption in the Belgian adult population was assessed, taking into account regional differences. A deterministic approach was used whereby consumption quantities of tap water and different brands of bottled water were linked with their respective fluoride concentrations. Data from the national food consumption survey (2004) were used and the Nusser methodology was applied to obtain usual intake estimates.
Mean intake of fluoride through total water consumption in Flanders was 1.4 +/- 0.7 mg/day (97.5(th) percentile: 3.1 mg/day), while in the Walloon region it was on average 0.9 +/- 0.6 mg/day (97.5th percentile: 2.4 mg/day). The probability of exceeding the UL of 7 mg per day via a normal diet was estimated to be low. Consequently, there is no need to revise the existing norms, but higher fluoride concentrations should be more clearly indicated on the labels. Reliable data about total dietary fluoride intake in children, including intake of fluoride via tooth paste and food supplements, are needed.}},
  author       = {{Vandevijvere, Stefanie and Horion, Benoit and Fondu, Michel and Mozin, Marie-Josée and Ulens, Michèle and Huybrechts, Inge and Van Oyen, Herman and Noirfalise, Alfred}},
  issn         = {{1660-4601}},
  journal      = {{INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH}},
  keywords     = {{food consumption survey,exposure assessment,Belgium,CARIES PREVALENCE,DENTAL FLUOROSIS,TOOTHPASTE,EXPOSURE,TEAS,CHILDREN,INGESTION,fluoride}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  number       = {{5}},
  pages        = {{1676--1690}},
  title        = {{Fluoride intake through consumption of tap water and bottled water in Belgium}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph6051676}},
  volume       = {{6}},
  year         = {{2009}},
}
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