@article{171170,
  abstract     = {{The effects of azadirachtin on two pests: neonate larvae and newly emerged adults of Ceratitis capitate (Wiedemann) and last instar larvae of Spodoptera exigua (Hubner); and three natural enemies: newly emerged adults of Opius concolor Szepligeti, second instar larvae of Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens), and fifth instar nymphs of Podisus maculiventris (Say) were studied in laboratory.,Adult insects were exposed to a non-oil formulation of azadirachtin (Align(R), emulsifiable concentrate 3.2% azadirachtin, Sipcam Inagra, Spain) via their drinking water and immature instars were reared in the presence of the insecticide-treated diet. The natural enemies were exposed to at least the maximum field recommended concentration of the insecticide (0.15% v/v). Azadirachtin wets highly toxic to neonate larvae of C. capitata and prevented adult emergence at a concentration of I mg a.i l(-1). When adults were fed the insecticide at the maximum recommended concentration their survival Mns not affected bur egg laying was totally inhibited Last instar S. exigua larvae were also very susceptible (LC50 = 7.7 mg a.i. l(-1)) and at a concentration of 10 mg a.i. l(-1) fecundity of surviving adults, and egg fertility, were reduced by 72 and 85%, respectively. Effects on O. concolor were large, and significant reductions in longevity, percentage of attacked hosts, and progeny size per female, were recorded The predator P. maculiventris was much less sensitive to azadirachtin, but slight reductions in survival of emerged adults and of reproductive parameters occurred. The insecticide had no significant effect on C. carnea Inn ae fed with treated Sitotroga cerealella (Oliver) eggs, probably because of its inability to penetrate inside the egg.}},
  author       = {{Vinuela, E and Adan, A and Smagghe, Guy and Gonzalez, M and Medina, P and Budia, F and Vogt, H and Del Estal, P}},
  issn         = {{0958-3157}},
  journal      = {{BIOCONTROL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY}},
  keywords     = {{azadirachtin,toxicity,side-effects,Ceratitis capitata,Spodoptera exigua,Chrysoperla carnea,Opius concolor,Podisus maculiventris,FRUIT-FLY,TEPHRITIDAE,REPRODUCTION,LONGEVITY,SUSCEPTIBILITY,CYROMAZINE,PESTICIDES,BRACONIDAE,DIPTERA}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  number       = {{2}},
  pages        = {{165--177}},
  title        = {{Laboratory effects of ingestion of azadirachtin by two pests (Ceratitis capitata and Spodoptera exigua) and three natural enemies (Chrysoperla carnea, Opius concolor and Podisus maculiventris)}},
  volume       = {{10}},
  year         = {{2000}},
}

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